Larl Marshal of 

 England. The 

 15th duke of 

 Norfolk in the 

 robes of office 



EARL'S COURT 



M of earl mari- 

 schal (formerly 

 great mari- 

 schal) of Scot- 

 1 a n d was 

 hereditary i n 

 the Keith 

 family until the 

 attainder of 

 George, the 

 10th earl mari- 

 schal, in 1716, 

 when it was 

 abolished. 

 Earl's Court. 

 District of Lon- 

 don in the met. 

 bor.of Kensing- 

 ton. To modern 

 Londoners 

 Earl's Court is synonymous with 

 exhibitions, which, from that of 

 the Fisheries Exhibition, in 1884, 

 down to 1914, delighted millions 

 of patrons. The Great Wheel was 

 removed in 1906. The exhibition 

 grounds were taken over on Oct. 15, 

 1914, as a clearing station for 

 war refugees, and a permanent 

 residence for a certain number. 

 Schools and workshops were estab- 

 lished, and nearly 100,000 refugees, 

 including Belgians, coloured men 

 born under the British flag, Serbs, 

 and Italians, were given shelter 

 until 1919. Later it was used as a 

 centre of the Disposal Board. 



Earlsfield. Eccles. and resi- 

 dential dist. of London. Within 

 the met. bor. of Wandsworth, it is 

 2 in. S.W. of Clapham Junction 

 by the L. & S.W.R. Pop. 18,286. 

 See Wandsworth. 



Earlston. Parish and small 

 market town of Berwickshire, 

 Scotland, formerly Ercildoune. 

 It stands on Leader Water, 72 m. 

 S.E. of Edinburgh by the N.B.R., 

 and is a noted angling resort. 

 There are traces of the old tower 

 of Thomas the Rhymer (d. 1299), 

 whose remains lie in the church- 

 yard. The industries include 

 dyeing and the manufacture of 

 tweeds and ginghams. Cattle and 

 horse fairs are held. Market day, 

 Mon. Pop. 1,749. 



Early, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816- 

 94). American soldier. Born at 

 Franklin, Virginia, Nov. 3, 1816, 

 and educated at West Point, he 

 practised as a lawyer, 1838-52. 

 Though a supporter of the main- 

 tenance of the union he threw in 

 his lot with the Confederates on 

 the outbreak of the Civil War. 

 At the first battle of Bull Run 

 he commanded a brigade, and at 

 Fredericksburg and Gettysburg a 

 division. A succession of defeats 

 by Sheridan and Custer, in 1864, 

 led to his being relieved of his 

 command in 1865, yet competent 

 authorities regard him as the best 



2761 



Confederate general after Lee and 

 Jackson. He was the author of A 

 Memoir of the Last Year of the 

 War for Independence, 1867. and 

 other military and historical writ- 

 ings. He died at Lynch burg, Vir- 

 ginia. March 2. 1894. 



Early Closing. Movement 

 among shopkeepers and others to 

 secure shorter working hours on 

 week days. In 1886 the Shop Hours 

 Regulation Act limited the work- 

 ing hours for young persons under 

 18 employed in shops to 74 hours 

 a week, while the Shop Hours 

 (Amendment) Act of 1893 con- 

 tained provision for the appoint- 

 ment of inspectors. 



In 1904 another Shop Hours 

 Act introduced the principle of 

 closing by local option by a two- 

 thirds majority. The shop-as- 

 sistants' charter, however, is the 

 Shops Act of 1912, which consoli- 

 dated previous legislation and 

 gave a compulsory half-holiday on 

 one day of the week. 



During the Great War the need 

 for economy of coal and the light- 

 ing restrictions led, in 1916, to the 

 issue of a compulsory closing order 

 for shops at 8 p.m. on four nights 

 of the week, and 9 p.m. on 

 Saturday ; these hours were very 

 generally shortened still further in 

 some localities. This order re- 

 mained in force until Aug., 1920. 

 In 1920 a private bill to bring 

 about compulsory closing (with 

 few exceptions) at 7 p.m. and 8 

 p.m. on Saturday reached the re- 

 port stage, but the third reading 

 was prevented by lack of time. 

 Considerable opposition to this 

 and earlier bills was due to the 

 fears of small traders in compe- 

 tition with large firms. 



The organization mainly re- 

 sponsible for the movement is the 

 Early Closing Association, founded 

 in 1842. Its offices are at 34-40, 

 Ludgate Hill, London, E.G. 



Early English. Style of archi- 

 tecture originating in the reign of 

 Henry II, and prevalent through- 

 out the 13th century. The term is 

 also used for a period of literature 

 covering about the same years as 

 the architectural one (see English 

 Literature). 



Architecturally it has been called 

 the " lancet " style or period, from 

 the resemblance of the slender 

 pointed arch, its leading charac- 

 teristic, to a surgeon's lancet. Nor- 

 man work had retained the round 

 arch of Romanesque pattern ; and 

 Early English inaugurated the new 

 era of Gothic architecture by sub- 

 stituting the pointed for the round. 

 In essence, Early English indicates 

 a revolt against the slightly un- 

 couth forms of the Romanesque 

 style in England, and a striving 



EARN 



after more elegant forms of con- 

 struction and ornament. Vaulted 

 roofs in stone take the place of the 

 old flat timber roofs. Windows are 

 lengthened and crowned by the 

 lancet arch ; piers are formed of 

 clustered columns, each having its 

 own cap, but united under one 

 capital from which spring the tre- 

 forled pointed arches of the vault ; 

 mouldings are deeply undercut, 

 often with dog-tooth ornament ; 

 the entire design becomes more 

 elegant and flexible. 



The choir of Lincoln Cathedral 

 (12th-13th century) is one of 

 the earliest and most beautiful 

 extant examples of Early English 

 architecture. The choir and Lady 

 Chapel of Southwark Cathedral, 

 still preserved, were built in 1207 ; 

 the stone- webbed vault of this fine 

 Early English church is an ex- 

 ample of the style at its best. In 

 other English cathedrals portions 

 of Early English work are still pre- 

 served, notably at York Minster, 

 Westminster Abbey, Salisbury, 

 Durham, and Ely. The plan of 

 churches built in this period shows 

 the absence of the semicircular 

 apse which was characteristic of 

 Norman and Romanesque struc- 

 tures, and the substitution of a 

 square east end ; and the tran- 

 septs generally divide the length 

 into two almost equal parts. It is 

 noticeable that the Early English 

 style was coincident with a move- 

 ment within the Church towards 

 simplicity and reticence. The Re- 

 formed Orders, especially the Cis- 

 tercians, were largely responsible 

 for an architectural development 

 which, beginning with a lightness 

 and beauty unknown to the Nor- 

 man period, was to attain, in the 

 Decorated and Perpendicular styles 

 which followed it, an ever-increas- 

 ing magnificence. See Architecture; 

 Gothic Architecture: also illus. 

 p. 531. 



Earmark. Term used in Eng- 

 lish law to signify a sum set apart 

 for a particular purpose. For ex- 

 ample, when executors have to pay 

 a legacy to a person, say at 21, and 

 they set aside and invest for that 

 purpose some particular fund apart 

 from the general investment of the 

 estate, it is said to be earmarked 

 for the legacy, and cannot be 

 applied to anything else. The term 

 originated in the practice of mark- 

 ing beasts by cuts in the ear, for 

 identification purposes. 



Earn. Loch of Perthshire, Scot- 

 land, about 11 m. W, of Crieff. 

 Lying 317 ft. above sea level, it is 

 6 m. long and f m. wide, with a 

 maximum depth of 287 ft. Trout 

 are plentiful. The lake occupies a 

 rock basin scooped out by the ice 

 sheet which crossed Perthshire 



