EAST AFRICA 



2770 



EAST ANGLIA 



of this was British. Important 

 operations were the British occu- 

 pations of Tanga (July 7), Mwanza 

 ('July 12), and Dodoma (July 30). 

 All around forces were closing in 

 on the Germans, whose one line of 

 retreat was to the S. Early in Aug. 

 Smuts set his main force moving 

 again, It attacked in several 

 places, "and one after another the 

 defended positions were taken. 

 By the 18th the British force was 

 at Dakawa, where the Wami is 

 crossed. The 2nd division came 

 along the rly. from the W. and 

 the result was the German retreat 

 on Mrogoro. An attempt was made 

 to surround and destroy the foe 

 there, but it failed, and again 

 pursuer and pursued pressed S. 



The Germans, who were by no 

 means routed, put up a succession 

 of fights, and once, at Kirsaki, they 

 had the better of the exchanges. 

 However, they could not stop the 

 advance, which won an additional 

 advantage by the surrender on 

 Sept. 4 of Dar-es-Salaam. The 

 other ports were quickly occupied, 

 and the enemy was by the end of 

 Sept. confined to the district be- 

 tween the Rufiji and Portuguese 

 territory, where another foe was 

 preparing to receive him. 



The 1917 campaign opened well. 

 The British reached Kilambawe 

 on Jan. 5 and surrounded a German 

 force on Jan. 24. One of the great 

 tasks of this campaign was the 

 crossing of the Rufiji river. This 

 was accomplished on June 5, 1917, 

 and the area at the disposal of the 

 enemy was again steadily con- 

 tracted. The Germans were in two 

 main bodies, while smaller detach- 

 ments were occasionally trouble- 

 some. They fought hard, especially 

 in the Kilwa district, but on Nov. 

 28 one of the main bodies sur- 

 rendered. The other, under von 

 Lettow-Vorbeck, crossed about the 

 same time into Portuguese terri- 

 tory and the colony was cleared. 



The concluding operations, 

 which were conducted by General 

 van der Venter, included a British 

 success near Manunga, May 5, 

 1918, the occupation of Malema, 

 June 13, and the surrender of von 

 Lettow's forces, Nov. 14. The 

 British casualties approached 

 20,000, and the loss in animals was 

 enormous. See Tanganyika; consult 

 Three Years of War in East Africa, 

 A. Buchanan, 1919; My Remin- 

 iscences of East Africa, von Let- 

 tow-Vorbeck, 1920. 



East Africa, PORTUGUESE; OR 

 MOZAMBIQUE. Portuguese colony, 

 bounded on the N. by Tanganyika 

 Territory, on the W. by Lake 

 Nyasa, the Nyasaland Protecto- 

 rate, Rhodesia and the Transvaal, 

 on the S. by the Zululand portion 



of Natal, and on 

 the E. by the In- 

 dian Ocean. The 

 colony stretches 

 along the coast 

 from Cape Del- 

 gada to the Ro- 

 vuma. From the 

 coastal swamps 

 the land rises 

 gradually to for- 

 ested hills and the 

 African plateau. 

 Area, 428,132 

 s q. m. Pop. 

 3,120,000. * 



The colony 

 comprises t e r r i- 

 tories directly ad- 

 ministered by the 

 State, and others 

 under the control 

 of the Mozam- 

 bique and Nyasa 

 Companies. The 

 first are divided 

 into six districts 

 Louren9o Mar- 

 ques, Gaza, In- 

 hambane, Quili- 

 mane, Tete, and 

 Mozambique. 

 The Mozambique 

 Company is res- 

 ponsible for an 

 immense block of 

 territory in the 



centre of the colony, including 

 the Manica and Sofala districts, 



EAST AFRICA 



(PORTUGUESE) 



sh Miles 



whilst the Nyasa Company admin- 

 isters the northern territory be- 

 tween the river Rovuma, Lake 

 Nyasa, and the river Lurio. 



The whole country is extremely 

 rich in tropical products and min- 

 eral wealth, and is capable of 

 great economic development. The 

 chief products are sugar, nuts, 

 copra, rubber, vegetable oils, wax, 

 and ivory. There are two impor- 

 tant rlys. from Lourenco Marques 

 to the "Transvaal, and from Beira 

 to Buluwayo in Rhodesia. Rail- 

 ways are under construction from 

 Beira, Quilimane, and Mozambique 

 to the Nyasa districts, and from 

 Porto Amelia to Lake Nyasa. The 

 principal commercial centres are 

 Ibo, an ancient trading port N. of 

 the fine natural harbour of Pemba 

 Bay; Porto Amelia, on Pemba 

 Bay ; Mozambique, the original 

 capital of the colony ; Quilimane, 

 an undeveloped but well-situated 

 port ; Chinde, situated on the only 

 navigable outlet of the Zambezi 

 river and the principal port for the 

 Nyasaland Protectorate ; Beira, 

 the chief port and capital of the 

 Mozambique Company's territory ; 

 Sofala, an ancient and decayed 

 harbour ; Inhambane, a small port 

 of local importance ; and Lourenyo 

 Marques, the chief port and capi- 



East Africa. Map of the large and productive Portuguese 

 colony, also known as Mozambique 



tal of the colony, situated on 

 Delagoa Bay. 



Mozambique was visited in 1498 

 and 1502 by Vasco da Gama, and in 

 1505 by Albuquerque, who estab- 

 lished it as a Portuguese province. 

 During the height of the Portu- 

 guese power considerable progress 

 was made in the exploration of the 

 territory. In the 18th and early 

 part of the 19th centuries it 

 became a stronghold of the slave 

 trade. In 1875 and in 1885-91 dis- 

 putes arose with Great Britain re- 

 garding the precise boundaries of 

 the Portuguese territories around 

 Delagoa Bay and in Mashonaland, 

 Matabeleland, and Manicaland, 

 which were settled by arbitration 

 on July 24, 1875, and by the Anglo- 

 Portuguese Convention of 1891. 



Bibliography. The Portuguese in 

 S. Africa, G. M. Theal, 1896; Re- 

 cords of South-Eastern Africa, ed. 

 G. M. Theal, 1898-1903; Portu- 



fuese Nyassaland, W. B. Worsfold, 

 899 ; Mozambique : its agricul- 

 tural development, R. N. Lyne, 

 1913 ; Three Years' Sport in 

 Mozambique, G. Vasse, Eng. trans. 

 R. and H. M. Lydekker, 1909; 

 Zambezia, R. C. F. Maugham, 1910. 

 East Anglia. One of the king- 

 doms into which England was 

 divided from the 6th to the 9th 

 century. It embraced the present 

 counties of Norfolk and Suffolk, 

 and the name suggests that its 



