EBERSWALDE 



favourite study through the medium 

 of fiction, he wrote An Egyptian 

 Princess, 1864, Eng. trans. 1870-71. 

 In 1865 he be- 

 came lecturer 

 and later pro- 

 fessor in 

 Egyptology at 

 Jena. 



After his 

 first travels in 

 Egypt, Ebers 

 wrote Egypt 

 and the Book Georg Ebers, 

 of Moses, 1868. German Egyptologist 

 He was appointed professor of 

 Egyptology at Leipzig, 1870, a 

 post which he resigned in 1889 

 He revisited Egypt in 1872-73, 

 and discovered at Thebes one 

 of the finest examples of ancient 

 papyri Papyrus Ebers, now in the 

 Leipzig Museum. This is a medi- 

 cal treatise from Sais of the 16th 

 century B.C., and includes a long 

 .chapter on the eye, an extra- 

 ordinary coincidence, since nearly 

 ten years before Ebers had written 

 in An Egyptian Princess of such a 

 MS. and its fortunes. In addition 

 to many novels based on Egyptian 

 history, he wrote historical novels 

 descriptive of South Germany and 

 the Netherlands in the 16th cen- 

 tury. He died at Tutzing, Aug. 7, 

 1898. See Autobiography, Eng. 

 trans. M. J. Safford, 1893. 



Eberswalde. Town of Prussia. 

 It is 28 m. N.E. of Berlin, with 

 which it is connected by rly. and 

 also by canal. The chief buildings 

 are churches and schools, one of the 

 former being a 14th century build- 

 ing, while the latter include a 

 school of forestry. It has several 

 industries, including the making 

 of paper, bricks, nails, and brass 

 founding. Pop. 26,100. 



Ebert, FUIEDRICH (1870-1925). 

 German statesman Born at 

 Heidelberg, and educated at an 

 elementary 

 school, he was 

 apprenticed to 

 a saddler of 

 that town. In 

 1892 he be- 

 came editor of 

 the socialist 

 organ, Bremer 

 Burger ze i- 

 tung, and in 

 1894 married 



LouiseK 

 who, he said, 

 proved his best counsellor through- 

 out his career. In the Revolution 

 of 1918 he succeeded Prince Max of 

 Baden as chancellor on Nov. 9, and 

 then became provisional president 

 of Germany. He maintained his 

 position through the stormy days 

 of Jan., 1919, and at the opening 

 of the new National Assembly at 



2779 



Weimar, Feb. 6, 1919, he made a 

 long protest against the armistice 

 terms, and urged the union of 

 German-Austria with Germany. 

 On Feb. 11 Ebert was elected first 

 socialist president of the German 

 republic. He died Feb. 28, 1925 

 See Germany. 



Ebionites (Hebr. ebyon, poor). 

 Name given to certain Judaising 

 sects in the Christian Church in 

 the second century. Denying the 

 divinity of Christ, they regarded 

 Christianity as merely a reformed 

 type of the Jewish religion, and 

 Christ as only a natural man of ex- 

 ceptional spiritual attainments ac- 

 quired by a strict observance of the 

 law of Moses. References in the 

 writings of Irenaeus and other 

 Fathers state that the Ebionites ob- 

 served all the details of the Mosaic 

 Law, recognized only the Gospel of 

 S. Matthew, and rejected S. Paul 

 as an apostate. At a later period 

 the Ebionites largely held the 

 Gnostic heresy of the dualistic 

 origin of the universe. 



Eblis OK IBLIS. A Mahomedan 

 name for Satan or the prince of 

 darkness. In the Koran it is stated 

 that God, having made Adam, 

 called upon the angels to bow 

 down and worship him ; all did 

 so except Eblis, who refused, and 

 became the declared enemy of the 

 newly created race of men. Eblis 

 is also described as chief of the genii. 



Ebner-Eschenbach, BARONESS 

 MARIE VON (1830-1916). Austrian 

 dramatist, novelist, and poet. 

 She was born Sept. 13, 1830, in 

 Moravia, the daughter of Count 

 Dubsky, and married an Austrian 

 officer, Moritz von Ebner-Eschen- 

 bach, who afterwards became field - 

 marshal. She published several 

 plays, including Maria Stuart in 

 Schottland (1860), and then turned 

 to fiction. Her first tale, Die Prin- 

 zessin von Banalien, appeared in 

 1872; and Zwei Komtessen (1885) 

 became widely popular. Parabeln, 

 Marchen und Gedichte appeared in 

 1892. The author takes a lead- 

 ing place among modern German 

 women writers. 



Eboli (anc. Eburum). Town of 

 Italy, in the prov. of Salerno. It 

 occupies an elevated position, alt. 

 470 ft., overlooking the Sele river, 

 16 m. by rly. S.E. of Salerno. It 

 contains an old chateau of the 

 prince of Angri, a church with 14th 

 century paintings, and a few re- 

 mains of Eburum, the old Lucanian 

 city. Pop. 12,741. 



Ebonite OR VULCANITE. Hard 

 vulcanised rubber made by mix- 

 ing pure rubber with about one- 

 third of its weight of sulphur, and 

 heating for a number of hours in 

 temperature rising to 300 F. 

 Ebonite is largely used as a sub- 



EBURACUM 



stitute for bone, ivory, and horn 

 for making small ornamental 

 articles, as combs, knife handles, 

 buttons, etc. It can be moulded, 

 cut, carved, and polished to a high 

 degree of perfection. See Rubber. 

 Ebony (Diospyros). Trees of 

 the natural order Ebenaceae, whose 

 heart-wood is the ebony of com- 

 merce. Several species furnish the 

 timber, the difference being de- 

 noted by the place of origin. 

 'Mauritius ebony is the produce of 

 D. ebenum ; Coromandel ebony 



Ebony. Fruit and leaf of Persimmon 



(Diospyros Virginiana), one of the 



Ebonies 



of D. melanoxylon ; and the 

 bastard ebony of Ceylon is ob- 

 tained from D. ebenaster. Cala- 

 mander-wood, a variegated ebony, 

 is the timber of D. hirsuta from 

 India and Ceylon. Some of the 

 species have edible fruits. See 

 Date-plum : Persimmon. 



Ebor. Abbreviation of Ebora- 

 cum, the Latin name for York. 

 It is still used as a signature by the 

 archbishop of York, e.g. Cosmo 

 Ebor. See York. 



Ebro (anc. Iberus). River of 

 N.E. Spain. Rising in the Canta- 

 brian Mts., in the prov. of San- 

 tander, it flows S.E. to the Medi- 

 terranean. Its length is about 460 

 m., and it drains some 35,000 sq. m. 

 Its chief affluents are the Jalon, 

 Huerva, Guadalope, Aragon, Gal- 

 lego, and Segre. Running through 

 narrow valleys, its channel is ob- 

 structed by shoals and rapids. Ships 

 can proceed only as far as Tortosa 

 (16 m.). 



Eburacum OR EBORACUM. Ro- 

 man town on the site of which the 

 city of York, England, now stands. 

 Erected by the Ninth legion on an 

 earlier Caer Evrauc about A.D. 75, 

 the fort of 52 acres still traceable 

 in the lower courses of the mult- 

 angular tower was garrisoned by 



