E.G. 



the Sixth legion. A municipal 

 colonia flourished on the opposite 

 bank of the Ouse. Here in 120 

 Hadrian held court, here also died 

 Severus in 21 1, and Constantius 

 Chlorus in 306. Pron Eburacum. 

 See York, 



E.G. Abbrev. for East Central 

 postal district, London. 



Eca de Queiroz, Jos* MAMA 

 (1845-1900). Portuguese author. 

 Born at Povoa do Varzim, N. of 

 Oporto, and educated at Coimbra 

 university, he 

 began life as a 

 journalist, and 

 in 1871 was on 

 the staff of the 

 critical journal 

 As Farpas. 

 Three years 

 later he pub- 

 lished a novel 

 which a t - 

 J. M. Eca de Queiroz, tracted a good 

 Portuguese author deal of atten- 

 tion, O Crime do Padre Amaro. 

 While continuing his work as author 

 he was Portuguese consul succes- 

 sively at Havana, Newcastle, Bris- 

 tol, and Paris. His later stories 

 included Primo Bazilio, 1877 

 (Eng. trans. Dragon's Teeth, 1889) 

 and A Reliquia, 1886. The 

 posthumous collection of Contos, 

 1902, contained the famous stories, 

 O Defunto and O suave milagre, 

 respectively translated into English 

 as Our Lady of the Pillar and 

 The Sweet Miracle. 



E carte (Fr., discarded). A card 

 game for two players which had a 

 great vogue in France at the be- 

 ginning of the 19th century. The 

 six down to the two inclusive of 

 each suit having been removed 

 from the pack, the players cut for 

 deal, and the pack is shuffled by 

 the dealer, and cut by his opponent. 

 The dealer then gives five cards to 

 the other player and to himself : 

 either three and two or two and 

 three alternately. The eleventh 

 card is turned up for trumps, the 

 remainder of the pack forming the 

 stock. Should the eleventh card 

 be a king the dealer scores one 

 point; otherwise the turn-up has 

 no scoring value. 



The players then look at their 

 hands, and should the non-dealer 

 (the leader) be satisfied with his 

 cards, he may at once proceed to 

 play them. But if he considers it 

 would be advantageous to change 

 any or all of them, he says, '" I 

 propose " or " Cards." The dealer 

 then has the option of changing 

 his cards also, and on deciding to 

 do so says, " I accept " or " How 

 many ? " Should he be satisfied 

 with his cards, he may refuse, and 

 exclaim " I refuse " or " Play." 

 If either player refuse to change 



278O 



cards, then both must play their 

 original hands Otherwise the 

 discarding of cards for others in 

 the stock may proceed so long as 

 both are agreeable. The plpyers 

 being satisfied with their hands,- 

 the play begins. If either holds the 

 king of trumps he must declare it 

 before playing his first card, and 

 is entitled to mark one point. 



The object of the game is to 

 make tricks ; the highest card of 

 a suit wins, though a trump 

 naturally scores over that of 

 another suit. A player must 

 always take a trick if able to do so. 

 The cards rank in this order : King, 

 queen, knave ace, ten down to 

 seven. The winner of a trick 

 always leads to the next. The 

 score is made as follows : Turning 

 up or holding the king of trumps 

 counts 1 ; winning three tricks 

 out of five is called the point and 

 also counts 1 ; winning all five 

 tricks is termed the vole and 

 counts 2. If either player fail to 

 make three tricks after having de- 

 clined cards, his adversary scores 2. 

 A game consists of 5 points. See 

 The Standard Hoyle, 1887 ; Fos- 

 ter's Complete Hoyle, 1897. 



Ecbatana. Capital of Media. 

 The Hebrew form Achmetha (Ezra 

 6) survives in the modern Hama- 

 dan. Situate 5,930 ft. above sea- 

 level, near M-t. Elwend, it was the 

 summer residence of the old Persian 

 and Parthian kings. Its identifica- 

 tion with the seven -storey ed fort- 

 ress described by Herodotus as 

 built by Deioces (700 B.C.) is in 

 doubt. The so-called Syrian Ecba- 

 tana was at Hamath. 



Ecca Shales. Strata found in 

 the S- of Cape Colony. They often 

 show sun-cracks and ripple-marks, 

 formed soon after they were laid 

 down, in Permian times. Minor 

 beds of sandstone occur, and fossil 

 plants belonging to the Glossopteris 

 Flora are found in the series. 



Ecce Homo (Lat., Behold the 

 Man). Short title of a survey of the 

 life and work of Jesus Christ by 

 Sir J. R. Seeley. It was published 

 anonymously in 1866, and caused a 

 storm of criticism. It attempted to 

 present Christ as an exclusively hu- 

 man personality, the founder of a 

 new system of society. 



Eccentric (Gr. ekkentros, out ot 

 the centre). In engineering a metal 

 disk mounted eccentrically on a 

 shaft, to give reciprocating move- 

 ment to a valve or pump or lever. 

 The edge of the eccentric is grooved 

 and encircled by an eccentric strap, 

 one half of which is secured rigidly 

 to the front end of a connecting 

 rod. In effect an eccentric is a cam: 

 or it may be regarded as a crank 

 having a pin larger than the shaft. 

 See Steam Engine. 



ECCLESIASTES 



Ecchymosis (Gr. ek, out of ; 

 chymos, juice). Outpouring of the 

 blood into the tissues beneath the 

 skin. See Bruise. 



Ecclefechan. Village of Dum- 

 triesshire, Scotland. It is 6 m. S.E. 

 of Lockerbie by the C.R., and has 

 been identified as the original of 

 Entepiiihl in Sartor Resartus Tt 

 was the birthplace and burial place 

 of Carlyle (q.v.). Near by are 

 the Roman camps of Birrens and 

 Birrenswark. Pop. 670. See illus. 

 p. 1709. 



Eccles. Mun. bor. of Lanca- 

 shire, England. It stands on the 

 Irwell, 4 m. W. of Manchester, of 

 which it is an industrial suburb, 

 and is served by the L. & N.W.R. 

 Locally famous for its Eccles cakes, 

 the town is actively engaged in the 

 cotton and other textile industries. 

 Pop. 41,944 See Manchester. 



Ecclesfield. Parish of W.R. 

 Yorkshire, England. It is 5 m. N. 

 of Sheffield, on the Mid. and G.C 

 Rys. The church of S. Mary, a Per- 

 pendicular edifice formerly desig- 

 nated the Minster of the Moors, 

 contains some fine oak carving. 

 There are large cutlery and tool 

 works, paper mills, iron works, and 

 collieries. Pop. 22,404. 



Ecclesia (Gr. ekkalein, to call 

 forth). In ancient Athens, the as- 

 sembly of the whole body of free 

 citizens. The meetings were held in 

 the Pnyx and latterly in the 

 theatre ; on special occasions they 

 were held in the agora. In theory 

 the ecclesia was the supreme power 

 in the state, and any citizen had the 

 right to speak ; but in practice its 

 power was virtually confined to the 

 business which had been prepared 

 for it by the boule, or council of 500. 

 Voting was by show of hands, and 

 on special occasions by ballot. In 

 addition to some 40 regular meet- 

 ings a year, the ecclesia could also 

 be convoked for special business by 

 a chief magistrate. The Greek 

 name ecclesia (Fr. eglise) came to 

 be applied in Christian times both 

 to the assembly of Christians and 

 to the place of assembly. See 

 Cathedral; Church. 



Ecclesiastes. Title adopted, 

 through the Vulgate, from the Sep- 

 tuagint, for the O.T. book which in 

 Hebrew bears the title Koheleth. 

 The meaning of the Hebrew term is 

 disputed, but may be " one who 



Eccentric. Metal disk on a shaft 

 fixed out of centre. A and B show 

 two positions of this moving shaft 



