ECHO 



2784 



ECKERMANN 



a polished cup at its base to receive 

 the boss, and the two are held to- 

 gether by muscular tissue. Among 

 the spines will be found stalked 

 and sessile organs resembling the 

 bills of birds, which have the 

 power of snapping. Around the 

 Mediterranean the sea-urchin is 

 esteemed as food ; hence its name 

 esculentus. 



The heart-urchins, which burrow 

 in muddy sand, are clothed with 

 silky bristles, all pointing back- 

 wards. The scoop-like mouth is at 

 the broad end and without teeth. 



Echo. Reflection of the air 

 waves by which sound is propa- 

 gated. See Sound ; Wave Theory. 



Echo. In Greek mythology, a 

 mountain nymph. At one time 

 the companion of Hera, having 

 displeased the goddess, she was 

 punished by being rendered in- 

 capable of speaking except when 

 spoken to. Subsequently Echo 

 fell in love with the beautiful Nar- 

 cissus, but, her love not being re- 

 turned, she pined away and was 

 changed into a stone which retained 

 the echo or answering voice. 



Echo, THE. London independent 

 Radical evening halfpenny news- 

 paper, started by Cassell & Co., 

 Dec. 8, 1868, with Arthur Arnold 

 as editor. Sold in 1874 to Baron 

 Grant, who made it a Conservative 

 organ, it passed into the hands of 

 John Passmore Edwards, who re- 

 stored its former political character 

 and made it a first-class property. 

 In 1884 Andrew Carnegie became 

 part proprietor, but Mr. Edwards 

 soon reacquired the paper, and it 

 remained under his control until 

 1 897. It ceased publication in 1 905. 

 Another evening Echo appeared 

 from The Daily Chronicle office in 

 the spring of 1915, and after run- 

 ning for six weeks was amalga- 

 mated with The Star (q.v.). 



Echo Mountain Observatory. 

 Observatory, 3,500 ft. high, on 

 Echo Mountain in the Sierra 

 Madre Mts., California. It has a 

 16-in. equatorial telescope. The 

 observatory was founded at the 

 end of the 19th century by Thad- 

 deus S. C. Lowe, an American 

 scientist and inventor, who did 

 much pioneer work in aeronautics 

 and the investigation of the upper 

 atmosphere, and invented the first 

 apparatus in the U.S.A. for making 

 artificial ice. A cable rly. runs up 

 Echo Mountain to the observatory, 

 and on the adjacent Mt. Wilson is 

 the famous observatory of the Car- 

 negie institution. See Observatory ; 

 also illus. p. 715. 



Echo Organ. Small organ of 

 delicate tone, either placed at a 

 distance from the main organ or 

 enclosed in a box, or both, in 

 order to produce distant effects. 



The idea dates back at least to the 

 Restoration, but the introduction 

 of electric mechanism has greatly 



fruit ; the vine is largely culti- 

 vated, and a fine wine is made. 

 From its climate Ecija is popularly 



extended its possibilities. Good called the Frying-pan of Andalusia, 

 examples are the celestial organ at Pop. 23,217. 

 Westminster Abbey and the altar 

 organ at S. Paul's Cathedral, Lon- 

 don. See Organ. 



Echternach. Town of Luxem- 

 burg. It stands on the Sure, near 

 the frontier of Prussia, and is fam- 

 ous for its annual festival and its 



association with S. Willibrord. In 

 the church, a Romanesque building 



Eck, JOHANN MAIER VON (1486- 

 1543). German theologian. Born 

 at Eck, in Swabia, Nov. 13, 1486, 

 his father's name being Maier, he 

 took the name Eckius from his 

 birthplace. Having studied at 

 Heidelberg, Tubingen, and else- 

 where, he was ordained priest in 

 1508. Two years later he became 



of the llth century, restored in the professor of theology at Ingol- 



19th, are the remains of the saint. 

 There was a rich Benedictine abbey 

 here until 1801. The festival, which 

 dates from 1300 or earlier, is held 

 every Whit Tuesday. It is at- 

 tended by pilgrims and invalids, as 

 well as high ecclesiastics, who are 

 accompanied by a singing and 

 dancing crowd as they go in pro- 

 cession to the church. Echternach 

 has a town hall and some small in- 

 dustries. Pop. 4,300. 



Echuca (formerly Hopwood's 

 Ferry). Town of Victoria, Aus- 

 tralia. It stands on the Murray 

 river, 156 m. by rly. N. of Mel- 

 bourne. It is the chief river port 

 on the Murray at its junction 

 with the Campaspe. A bridge (rail- 



stadt University, with which he 

 was associated for the rest of his 

 life. He was the ablest opponent 

 of the Reformation in Germany. 

 In June-July, 1519, he debated 

 publicly at 



I Leipzig with 

 H Luther and 



II Carlstadt, and 

 J! in the following 

 S| year wrote a 

 1 treatise on the 



Primacy of 

 Peter, and went 

 to Rome. He 

 returned with 

 the papal bull 

 excommunicating Luther (q.v.). Eck 

 organized the Catholic Federation, 



Jobann von Eck, 

 German theologian 



way and roadway) 1,905 ft. in and took a prominent part in sue 

 length spans the river here, con- cessive conferences and diets at 

 necting with Moama in New South Ratisbon, 1524; Baden, 1526; 

 Wales. Echuca is the outlet for Augsburg, 1530 ; and Worms, 

 the wine, wool, and timber of 1540. His German version of the 

 this district. A private line 45 m. Bible was published in 1537. He 



died at Ingolstadt, 

 Feb. 13, 1543. 



Eckermann, 

 JOHANN PETER 

 (1792-1854). Ger- 

 man writer. He 

 was born at 

 Winsen, Hanover, 

 Sept. 21, 1792. 

 After early hard- 

 ships he served in 

 the war of 1813-14, 

 and later studied 

 at Gottingen. In 

 1822 he sent 

 Goethe the MS. of 

 his Beitrage zur 

 Poesie, and this 

 resulted in his going to Weimar, 

 where he acted as secretary to 

 Goethe, and assisted in the pre- 

 paration of the final edition of his 

 writings. He 



Ecija, Spain. 



The principal square, with the 

 municipal building 



long to Deniliquin, on the Edward 

 river, taps part of the N.S.W. 

 Riverina trade. Pop. 4,137. 



Ecija (anc. Astigi). Town of 

 Spain, in the prov. of Seville. It 

 stands on the Genii, here crossed 

 by an old bridge, 34 m. by rly. 

 S.W. of Cordoba. Ecija, once a 

 Roman colony (Julia Augusta 

 Firma) and a Moorish town, retains 

 many traces of ancient civiliza- Conversatio 

 tion. It is now occupied in the with Goethe, 

 manufacture of boots and shoes, 

 and cotton, wool, silk, and linen 

 fabrics. The surrounding fertile 



is best remem- 

 bered by his 

 Gesprache mit 

 Goethe (1836- 

 48), Eng. trans. 



John Oxenf ord, 

 1850. He died 

 at Weimar, 



plain produces corn, cotton, and Dec. 3, 1854. 



J. P. Eckermann, 

 German author 



