EDINBURGH 



Street. The Old Town, indeed, 

 had become congested in a degree 

 incompatible with common de- 

 cency and sanitation. The narrow 

 limits of the ridge whereon the 

 city was built made lateral expan- 

 sion impossible, unless the North 

 Loch were drained away and a 

 New Town laid out on the far side 

 thereof. Plans were prepared by 

 the architect James Craig, and the 

 foundations of the first house in 

 the New Town were laid on Oct. 

 26, 1767. The result has been the 

 creation of one of the most striking 

 urban landscapes that can be found 

 in any country. The picturesque 

 features of the Old Town have, 

 indeed, been greatly impaired by 

 the removal of at least two-third's 

 of the ancient " lands," as the 

 lofty houses piled high on the 

 ridge were called ; but enough re- 

 mains to offer striking contrast to 

 the spacious streets and commo- 

 dious architecture of the New 

 Town. The scene would have been 

 even more impressive had the 

 North Loch been purified and re- 

 tained as an ornamental sheet of 

 water, instead of being drained 

 away and its bed occupied by 

 the North British Railway But 

 enough is left to justify the pride 

 with which her citizens speak and 

 think of Edinburgh as the Modern 

 Athens, the Castle Rock being no 

 mean counterpart to the Acropolis, 

 while the Calton Hill reflects the 

 contour and relative position of 

 Lycabettus. 



Bibliography. Cassell's Old and 

 New Edinburgh, James Grant, 

 1880-83 ; Edinburgh Past and Pres- 

 ent, J. B. Gillies, 1886 ; Royal Edin- 

 burgh : Her saints, kings, prophets, 

 and poets, M. O. Oliphant, 1890 ; 

 Memorials of Edinburgh in the 

 Olden Time, D. Wilson, 2nd ed. 

 1891 ; The Story of Edinburgh, 

 W. H. O. Smeaton, 1905 ; Tradi- 

 tions of Edinburgh, Robert Cham- 

 bers, repr. 1912 ; In Praise of Edin- 

 burgh, R. Masson, 1912; The Heart 

 of Edinburgh, J. Geddie, 1913; 

 Edinburgh : a Historical Studv, 

 H. E. Maxwell, 1916. 



Edinburgh, ALFRED ERNEST 

 ALBERT, DUKE OP (1844-1900). 

 The second son of Qneen Victoria, 

 he was born 

 at Windsor 

 Castle, Aug. 6, 

 1844. He was 

 educated for 

 the navy, and 

 in 1893 was 

 made admiral 

 of the fleet. In 

 1862 he was 

 Alfred Ernest, elected king of 

 Duke ot Edinburgh Greece, but 

 for political 



reasons he refused the crown. He 

 was created duke of Edinburgh in 

 1885, and in 1893 became reigning 



2798 



duke of Sxe-Coburg and Gotha, 

 surrendering his privileges as an 

 English peer, but retaining his rank 

 of admiral. In 1874 he married 

 Marie Alexandrovna, only daugh- 

 ter of Alexander II of Russia, who 

 died Oct. 25, 1920. He died July 

 30, 1900, and was succeeded as duke 

 of Saxe-Coburg by his nephew, 

 Leopold Charles, duke of Albany 

 (q.v.), as his only son had died, 

 Feb. 6, 1899. The duke was a 

 skilled musician, especially on the 

 violin. 



Edinburgh, UNIVERSITY OF. 

 Founded in 1583, this obtained in 

 1621 the same privileges as the three 

 other Scottish universities, which 

 were confirmed at the time of the 

 Union (1707). Alterations in its 

 constitution were made in 1858 and 

 1 889. Edinburgh has six faculties, 

 arts, science, divinity, law, medi- 

 cine, and music, and its professor- 

 ships usually attract distinguished 

 scholars. Except in divinity women 

 are admitted to its courses and 

 degrees equally with men. Its 

 medical school is specially efficient ; 

 Edinburgh also pays much atten- 

 tion to agricultural education, and 

 has courses for the training of 

 teachers and army officers. In 

 1919-20 Edinburgh had 4,300 

 students. 



The university is ruled by a 

 university court, a university coun- 

 cil, and the senate, while the city 

 council has some share in its 

 government. Its head is the chan- 

 cellor, but the actual direction is 

 in the hands of the principal. The 

 lord rector, another honorary offi- 

 cial, is elected by the students 

 every three years. It unites with 

 the other Scottish universities to 

 send three members to Parliament. 



The present buildings, begun in 

 1789, occupy the site of Kirk o' 

 Field. Prominent among them are 

 the hall and the library, which 

 contains a most valuable collection 

 of books and MSS. In Teviot Row 

 are the extensive buildings of the 

 medical school. The university has 

 numerous and well-equipped labor- 

 atories and museums, and offers 

 many scholarships to intending 

 students. In 1919 a site of 115 

 acres for science laboratories was 

 acquired on the southern out- 

 skirts of the city, between Mayfield 

 and the Blackford Hill. On July 6, 

 1920, King George laid the foun- 

 dation stone of the new buildings. 



Edinburgh ACADEMY. Scot- 

 tish public school. It was founded 

 by royal charter in 1824, and the 

 buildings near Stockbridge stand in 

 grounds covering three acres. They 

 include a school hall, gymnasium, 

 rifle range, library, and fives 

 courts, as well as class-rooms, 

 laboratories, etc. There is a pre- 



ED1SON 



paratory school. The total number 

 of boys is about 650. Most of them 

 are day boys, but there are three 

 houses for boarders. The head- 

 master is known as the rector, and 

 the school is governed by a board 

 of directors. , The Edinburgh 

 Academicals, composed of old boys 

 of this school, is one of the most 

 famous of Scottish football clubs. 



Edinburgh REVIEW, THE. First 

 of the great critical quarterlies, but 

 the second of the same name. Its 

 predecessor was brought out in 

 1755, under Adam Smith, Alex- 

 ander Wedderburn, and others, 

 and only ran to two numbers. 

 The famous blue-and-buff Whig 

 organ was projected by Syd- 

 ney Smith, who edited the initial 

 number published at Edinburgh 

 in Oct., 1802. Francis Jeffrey was 

 editor, 1803-29, Macvey Napier, 

 1829-47, William Empson, 1847- 

 52, Sir George Cornewall Lewis, 

 1852-55, Henry Reeve, 1855-95, 

 Arthur Elliot, 1895-1912, and since 

 1912 Harold Cox. Francis Jeffrey's 

 literary criticisms provoked Byron's 

 English Bards and Scotch Re- 

 viewers. Lord Macaulay's Essays 

 first appeared in the Edinburgh ; 

 other contributors were Lord 

 Brougham, Lord Houghton, Lord 

 John Russell, Robert Lowe, and 

 John Stuart Mill. 



Edinburghshire. Name of the 

 county more correctly known as 

 Midlothian (q.v.). 



Edison, THOMAS ALVA (b. 1847). 

 American physicist and inventor. 

 He was born at Milan, Erie co., 

 Ohio, Feb. 11, 1847, of mixed 

 Dutch and Scottish descent. At 

 the age of twelve he began life as a 

 newsboy on the railway, and before 

 long distinguished himself by set- 



