EDMUND 



28OO 



EDUCATION 



Edmund (c. 1175-1240). Saint 

 and archbishop of Canterbury, 

 known as Edmund Rich. Born at 

 Abingdon, after studying and lec- 

 turing at Oxford and Paris he be- 

 came in 1 222 treasurer of Salisbury. 

 He preached the Crusade in Eng- 

 land, 1227, and on the nomination 

 of Gregory IX was elected arch- 

 bishop of Canterbury, 1233, Ed- 

 mund vainly endeavoured to per- 

 suade Henry III to get rid of his 

 foreign favourites, and was equally 

 unsuccessful in establishing discip- 

 line amongst the monks at Canter- 

 bury, and in his protest against the 

 provision of English benefices for 

 Italian clergy. Finally in 1240 Ed- 

 mund withdrew to France, where he 

 died at Soissy. He is buried at Pon- 

 tigny, and was canonised 1247. His 

 festival is kept in the Roman Cath- 

 olic Church on Nov. 16, the day of 

 his death, and a college is dedicated 

 to him at Ware. See Lives, F. de 

 Para vicini, 1898, and B. Ward, 1903. 



Edmund Ironside (c. 981-1016). 

 King of the English. A younger 

 son of King Ethelred the Unready, 

 he appeared in public life about 

 1015. He was ruling Mercia, evi- 

 dently as an under-king, when 

 Canute invaded the land, and raised 

 an army for its defence. Beaten, 

 he was forced into Northumbria, 

 and the war was raging when Ethel- 

 red died. Edmund was chosen 

 king in London and Canute at 

 Southampton, and the war between 

 them was continued more fiercely 

 than before. In Somerset the Eng- 

 lish king was victorious, and after 

 a protracted battle at Sherston, in 

 Wiltshire, he was left master of 

 Wessex. He then fought battles to 

 relieve London from the atten- 

 tions of Canute, but then followed 

 the terrible defeat at Assandun. 

 After this the two kings met and 

 decided upon a division of the 

 kingdom, but Edmund had not 

 reaped the benefit of this when he 

 died in London, Nov. 30, 1016. He 

 was buried at Glastenbury, and 

 left two sons, Edmund and Ed- 

 ward. Edmund won his name by 

 the personal bravery which he con- 

 sistently displayed, and his fighting 

 record of a single yeaih 



Edmunds, GEORGE FRANKLIN 

 (1828-1919). American politician. 

 Born at Richmond, Vermont, Feb. 

 1, 1828, he became a barrister in 

 1849. From 1854-59 he was 

 member of the Vermont house of 

 representatives and Speaker of the 

 lower house, 1856-59. Member of 

 the state senate, 1861-62, he acted 

 as president, and from 1866-91 he 

 was member for Vermont in the 

 U.S. Senate, and leader on the 

 Republican side. In 1882 he was 

 author of the Anti- Poly gamy Act, 

 known as the Edmunds Act, and 



in 1890 of the Anti-Trust Law. 

 After retiring from the U.S. Sen- 

 ate, 1891, he resumed practice 

 and gained a leading position as a 

 constitutional lawyer. He died 

 Feb. 27, 1919. 



Edom. District situated to the 

 S. of Palestine. It stretched from 

 the Dead Sea to the Gulf of 

 Akabah, covering an area of about 

 100 m. by 20 m. The name Edom 

 (red) is probably derived from the 

 prevalent red sandstone of the dis- 

 trict. Its first recorded inhabitants 

 were a cave-dwelling race known as 

 the Horites, who were conquered 

 by Esau and his sons. During the 

 Exodus, the inhabitants of Edom 

 refused to allow the Israelites pas- 

 sage, and hence arose a feud which 

 lasted till the end of the second 

 century B.C. Both David and Solo- 

 mon defeated them,but in the reign 

 of Jehoram they threw off the yoke. 

 Amaziah and Uzziah again sub- 

 dued them, but after the fall of 

 Judah they again became free till 

 the days of the Maccabees, when 

 they were finally crushed and forci- 

 bly proselytised by John Hyrcanus. 

 The Edomites were polytheistic in 

 religion, and marriages between 

 their women and the Hebrews were 

 a frequent source of trouble. The 

 Herods were of Edomite origin. 

 See Palestine. 



Edremid. Variant spelling of 

 the port of Asia Minor better 

 known as Adramyti (q.v.). 



EDUCATION: ITS MEANING AND AIMS 



John Adams, M.A., LL.D., Professor of Education, London University 



In addition to this introductory article, the subject is considered under 

 School ; University ; Co-education ; Froebel System ; Kinder- 

 garten, etc. See also the articles on the universities of the British 

 Empire and on the leading colleges and public schools 



The uncertainty about the pre- 

 cise meaning of the term education 

 is strikingly illustrated by the titles 

 of four books : The Meaning of 

 Education, N. M. Butler, 1898 ; 

 What is Education ? Stanley 

 Leathes, 1913 ; What do we Mean 

 by Education ? J. Welton, 1915 ; 

 What is Education ? E. C. Moore, 

 1915. For practical purposes, how- 

 ever, it may be taken as generally 

 agreed that education means what- 

 ever is done deliberately by one 

 generation to pass on to its suc- 

 cessors all that it has gained in 

 the way of knowledge about how 

 to make the most of life. The 

 element of deliberate purpose is 

 usually included in attempts to 

 define education more or less 

 scientifically. 



In a general sense, men and 

 women are being educated all their 

 life, from the cradle to the grave. 

 In Latin educare means really the 

 bringing up of children.The French 

 elever, the German erziehen, and the 



Edridge- Green, FREDERICK 

 WILLIAM (b. 1863). British oph- 

 thalmic surgeon and writer. Edu- 

 cated at S. Bartholomew's Hospi- 

 tal, Durham, and Cambridge, he 

 devoted himself to original research 

 on vision and colour perception, 

 and invented the colour perception 

 spectrometer and lantern which are 

 used for official eyesight tests in the 

 navy. He was Hunterian professor j 

 of the Royal College of Surgeons, 

 and was appointed adviser on eye- 

 sight to the Board of Trade. His 

 principal works are Colour Blind- 

 ness and Colour Perception, 1891 ; 

 Memory and its Cultivation, 1897; 

 and The Hunterian Lectures on 

 Colour Vision and Colour Blind- 

 ness, 1911. 



Edrisi Mohammed OR IBN 

 MOHAMMED EL EDRISI (1100). 

 Arabian geographer. A descendant 

 of Mahomet, he was born at Ceuta, ; 

 Morocco. Educated at Cordova, | 

 he early became a traveller, jour- 

 neying in Spain, Barbary, Asia ; 

 Minor, Greece, and Italy before he j 

 settled down in Sicily. At the de- 

 sire of Roger II of Sicily he made a 

 silver globe, upon which he mapped 

 the world, and wrote in explana- 

 tion A Description of the World, 

 sometimes known as The Book of 

 Roger. This was completed in 

 1154, and is the chief geographical 

 work of the Middle Ages. There 

 is an imperfect French translation 

 (1836-40) by A. Jaubert. 



American colloquial term " raise," 

 have this underlying meaning. 



Education as such has to do 

 with the proper upbringing of 

 children, the training of their 

 mental and physical powers, the 

 formation, moulding, and direction 

 of their character. But since the 

 instrument used in our schools to 

 accomplish this purpose is know- 

 ledge, there has arisen a not un- 

 natural impression that education 

 consists in the imparting of know- 

 ledge. Schools have come to be 

 regarded as information-shops, 

 and teachers have taken rank as 

 knowledge-mongers. 



In the public schools of England 

 this prominent position has not 

 been assigned to knowledge ; in- 

 deed, the tendency has been rather 

 in the opposite direction ; too 

 little attention has been paid to j 

 actual instruction. Critics main- ; 

 tain that in the public schools in 

 the past the pupils have been aotu- ' 

 ally discouraged from taking or I 



