EDUCATION 



2803 



EDWARD 



Bolton, 1911 ; Educational Pro- 

 blems, G. S. Hall, 1911 ; What is 

 Education ? S. M. Leathes, 1913 ; 

 From Locke to Montessori, William 

 Boyd, 1914; Principles of Secondary 

 Education, ed. P. Monroe, 1914; 

 What do we Mean by Education ? 

 J. Welton, 1915; Schools of To- 

 morrow, J. Dewey, 1915; What is 

 Education? E. C. Moore, 1916; 

 The New Teaching, ed. John Adams, 

 1918 ; Experimental Education, R. 

 R. Rusk, 1919; The Measurement 

 of Intelligence, L. M. Terman, 1919 ; 

 Short History of Education, J. W. 

 Adamson, 1 9 1 9 ; Education : its Data 

 and First Principles.T. P. Nunn, 1 920. 



Education, BOARD OF. Body es- 

 tablished ih 1899 to supervise pub- 

 lic education in England and Wales. 

 Its head, the president, is a party 

 politician, usually a member of the 

 Cabinet, and receives a salary of 

 2,000 a year. He is assisted by a 

 parliamentary secretary and a per- 

 manent secretary, under whom are 

 a large staff of inspectors and other 

 officials, and also by a consultative 

 committee. The chief departments 

 of the Board are concerned with 

 elementary education, secondary 

 education, technical education, and 

 training colleges. The Board looks 

 after the Science Museum at South 

 Kensington and the Geological Sur- 

 vey and Museum. 



Before the establishment of this 

 Board education in England and 

 Wales was controlled by a com- 

 mittee of the privy council, first 

 appointed for this purpose in 1 839. 

 The lord president of the council 

 was the head of this, but the real 

 minister of education was the vice- 

 president, also a politician. In Scot- 

 land education is looked after by an 

 education department under the 

 general control of the secretary for 

 Scotland ; in Ireland the work is 

 done by the national education 

 board as regards elementary, and 

 the intermediate education board 

 as regards secondary education. In 

 Canada, Australia, and also in the 

 various states and provinces there- 

 in, there is a department of educa- 

 tion presided over by a minister, as 

 there is in many foreign countries. 



Education Acts. Series of Acts 

 dealing with education in England 

 and Wales from 1 870 onwards.' The 

 principal of these were the Elemen- 

 tary Education Act of 1870, which 

 instituted a state system of compul- 

 sory education, side by side with 

 the voluntary schools, and initiated 

 the Ions; controversy on the subject 

 of religious instruction : the Act of 

 1891, which reduced or abolished 

 school fees : the Act ot 1902, by 

 which an education rate was levied 

 in respect of all schools, both state 

 and voluntary : and the Act of 

 1918, which dealt comprehensively 

 with the whole question of educa- 



tion, raising the school age, and pro- 

 viding free and compulsory instruc- 

 tion for young persons up to the 

 age of 18 by means of continuation 

 schools. See Continuation Schools ; 

 Education ; Evening Schools. 



Edward, LAKE, formerly Albert 

 Edward Nyanza. Lake of East 

 Central Africa, 150 m. W. of the 

 Victoria Nyanza. Lying at an alt. 

 of 3,000 ft. above sea level, it is con- 

 nected on the N.E. by a tortuous 

 channel with Lake George. The 

 latter was discovered by H. M. 

 Stanley in 1875, who believed it to 

 form part of the Albert Nyanza ; 

 but, while tracing the source of the 

 Semliki river in 1889, he dis- 

 covered the lake he named Albert 

 Edward Nyanza. and also the chan- 

 nel connecting it with Lake George. 

 The length of Edward Lake is 44 m. 

 and the breadth 33 m. 



Edward. Masculine Christian 

 name. Of Teutonic origin, it means 

 able to guard. It was very popu- 

 lar among the Anglo-Saxons, being 

 borne by Edward the Elder, Ed- 

 ward the Confessor, and other 

 kings, and has since been one of the 

 most used of English names. The 

 Anglo-Saxon Edward is sometimes 

 spelled Eadward, a form which 

 gives the best idea of the diphthong 

 with which it began in that tongue. 

 Eduard, Edouard, and Edoardo are 

 the German, French, and Italian 

 forms. Edward is the form used 

 throughout this Encyclopedia. 



Edward, CALLED THE ELDER 

 (d. 924). King of the English. The 

 son of Alfred the Great, he fought 

 against the Danes and was called 

 king before his father's death. In 

 Nov., 901, the witan chose him as 

 Alfred's successor. His succession 

 was disputed by his cousin Ethel- 

 wald, who rebelled and was slain 

 in battle in 905. By 91 8 Edward 

 brought the Danes into subjection ; 

 in 919, on the death of his sister 

 Ethelfleda, he absorbed Mercia; and 

 in 921 he subdued the Welsh. He 

 ruled as far north as the H umber, 

 and his overlordship was acknow- 

 ledged by all the other kings. The 

 " unconquered king," as Florence 

 of Worcester calls him, died at 

 Farndon, Northamptonshire, and 

 was buried at Winchester. He left 

 a large family, including his suc- 

 cessor Athelstan, and daughters 

 who married Hugh, count of Paris, 

 and the emperor Otto the Great. 



Edward, CALLED THE MARTYR 

 (c. 963-978). King of the English. 

 The son of Edgar, his right to the 

 succession was disputed on Edgar's 

 death in 975 by his stepmother 

 Elfrida, who put forward her son 

 Ethelred (the Unready ). Edward 

 was supported by Archbishop 

 Dunstan, and was crowned. On 

 Mar. 18, 978, he was assassinated by 



Elfrida's orders, while being offered 

 a drinking-cup, and was hastily 

 buried at Wareham. In 980 his 

 body was transferred to Shaftes- 

 bury, and his tomb became a place 

 of pilgrimage. He was long rever- 

 enced as saint and martyr, his 

 festival being kept on March 18. 



Edward, CALLED THE CONFESSOR 

 (c. 1005-66). King of the English. 

 The son of Ethelred the Unready 



Great Seal of Edward the Confessor 



and Emma, daughter of Richard, 

 duke of the Normans, he was born 

 at Islip, Oxfordshire. He was 

 taken to Normandy by his parents 

 when Sweyn became king in 1013. 

 Invited to England in 1041 by his 

 half-brother, Hardicanute, when 

 the latter died in the following year 

 Edward was chosen king, and 

 placed on the throne largely by the 

 help of Earl Godwin, whose daugh- 

 ter Edith he married in 1045. 



His reign was peaceful, though 

 marked by struggles for power be- 

 tween the English and the Nor- 

 mans, the latter being befriended 

 by the king. Edward's chief in- 

 terest was religion, and he devoted 

 a large part of his revenues to the 

 erection of Westminster Abbey. It 

 was consecrated at the end of 1 065, 

 and Edward died Jan. 5, 1066. He 

 was canonised in 1161, and his 

 festival is kept on Oct. 13. See 

 Lives of Edward the Confessor, ed. 

 H. R. Luard, Rolls Series, 1858. 



Edward I ( 1 239-1 307 ). King of 

 England. The eldest son of Henry 

 III, he was born at Westminster, 

 June 17, 1239. 

 In the differ- 

 ences between 

 the crown and 

 the baronage, 

 Edward sided 

 with his father, 

 and was taken ; 

 prisoner after I 

 the battle of I 

 Lewes, 1264. 

 He escaped, 

 however, and 

 directed the royalist victory over 

 Simon de Montfort at Evesham in 

 1265. He succeeded to the throne 

 __J 



Edward I, 

 King of England, 



12/2-130; 



