EGYPT 



used in the XVlIIth dynasty, and 

 later, the larger temples became 

 choked by the bulky columns re- 

 quired, as at the Great Hall of 

 Karnak. The decoration of the 

 temple with scenes of offering was 

 not for ornament, but in order that 

 the representation should magic- 

 ally be equivalent to the perpetual 

 performance of the successive acts 

 of divine worship. The sculpture 

 in the temples followed the general 

 course of the art. 



The complete temples remaining 

 are, of the IVth dynasty, the 

 granite temple at Gizeh ; of the 

 XVIIIth, of Hatshepsut at Deir el 

 Bahri, Tehutmes III at Medinet 

 Habu, Tehutmes I to Ptolemies 

 at Karnak, Amenhotep III at 

 Luxor and El Kab ; of the XlXth, 

 of Sety I at Abydos, Qurneh, ano 

 Redesieh, of Rameses II at 

 Ramesseum, various Nubian and 

 Abu Simbel, of Rameses III at 

 Medinet Habu, Ptolemaic at Edfu 

 and Dendereh, Roman at Esneh. 

 Three series of royal tombs are 

 known the underground brick 

 and timber chambers of. the 1st 

 and Ilnd dynasty at Abydos, the 

 pyramids of the Illrd Xllth 

 dynasty at Gizeh and scattered for 

 40 m. S., the rock-cut chambers of 

 the XVIIIth-XXth dynasty in the 

 tombs of the kings at Thebes ; no 

 later king's tomb is known. 



More recent excavations, con- 

 tined chiefly to the Valley of the 

 Kings in the Thebes district, were 

 conducted by the 5th Lord Car- 

 narvon and Howard Carter (q.v.). 

 The latter on Nov. 5th, 1922, in 

 almost the last unexplored pieces 

 of ground, made the sensational 

 discovery of the tomb of King 



282 1 



EGYPT 



Egypt. 



Ancient riverside villa, as restored by Charles Chipiez 



By courtesy of Chapman & Hall, ltd. 



Tutankhamen (q.v.). and he super- 

 intended the removal of the trea- 

 sures found therein. 



The mummies of the kings are 

 preserved from these Theban 

 tombs, but no others. Great ceme- 

 teries of private tombs with sculp- 

 ture and painting are at Gizeh and 

 Sakkarah for the pyramid age, at 



Egypt. Reconstruction of a wooden building, made from imitations o! 

 assembled wooden construction found in tombs 



By courtesy of Chapman Jb Ball, Ltd. 



Bem-Hasan tor the Xlith dynasty, 

 and at Thebes for the XVIIIth- 

 XXth dynasties. Forts of massive 

 brick enclosures, with panelled 

 pattern outside, are of the Ilnd 

 dynasty at Abydos, and of the 

 Xllth dynasty in Nubia. Temples 

 were often fortified with immense 

 walls, as that 80 ft. thick at Tanis. 

 The only complete plan of a town 

 is of the Xllth dynasty ; it has 

 many large mansions of 60 rooms 

 and rows of streets of workmen's 

 houses, all laid out in a regular 

 plan. The houses and the earlier 

 temples were built of mud brick, 

 which was covered with lime- 

 wash or stucco, on which fresco 

 painting was placed in the better 

 houses ; the early brick temples 

 were sometimes lined with glazed 

 tiling of large size. 



Statuary is known from the 1st 

 dynasty onward. It begins in lime- 

 stone and ivory, with an entirely 

 naturalistic style, full of character 

 and life, and superior to later work 

 in its truth and absence of con- 

 vention. A copper statue is re- 

 corded in the Ilnd dynasty, and a 

 large copper statue has been found 

 of the VI th dynasty. Diorite and 

 other hard rocks were also sculp- 

 tured. In the Xllth dynasty the 

 style was more finished and deli- 

 cate, but less living. The XVIIIth 

 dynasty had more vivacity, L 



but 



