

EGYPT 



Egypt, NATIONAL BANK OF 

 Egyptian bank established in 1898. 

 Its head offices are at Cairo, and 

 there are branches at Alexandria 

 and elsewhere in Egypt ; also at 

 Khartum and other places in the 

 Sudan. It has the exclusive right 

 of issuing notes in Egypt. The 

 capital is 3,000,000, and the 

 London offices are at 6 and 7, King 

 William Street, E.G. 



Egypt Exploration Society. 

 Society founded in London, 1882, 

 for exploring ancient sites in Egypt. 

 The society has excavated Pithom, 

 Tanis, Naucratis, Tahpanhes, Bu- 

 bastis, Dendera, and other sites, 

 besides its exhaustive operations 

 at Deir-el-Bahri and Abydos. 

 The archaeological survey branch, 

 founded 1890, has reproduced wall- 

 paintings and reliefs in rock-cut 

 tombs at Beni Hasan, el-Bersheh 

 and el-Amarna, in mastabas at Sak- 

 kara, and elsewhere. The Graeco- 

 Roman branch, founded 1897, 

 publishes texts and translations of 

 papyri. From Oxyrhynchus 1,600 

 were so dealt with by 1916, besides 

 the Tebtunis and Hibeh finds. The 

 offices are 37, Great Russell St., 

 London, W.C. See Archaeology ; 

 Egypt ; Egyptology. 



Egyptian Blue. Colouring 

 matter used by the Romans in the 

 early centuries of the Christian era. 

 It is seen in several early frescoes 

 in the Vatican and at Pompeii. 

 Fouque, a French chemist, showed 

 that it consists of a double silicate 

 of calcium and copper, and on ac- 

 count of its permanence urged that 

 its manufacture should be resumed. 



Egyptian Hall. London place 

 of amusement, 1812-1904. Situa- 

 ted at 171, Piccadilly, W., between 

 St. James's Street and Duke Street, 

 it was built in 1812 by G. F. Robin- 

 son, for the natural history collec- 

 tions of William Bullock, F.S.A., 

 dispersed in 1819. Here were ex- 

 hibited the Living Skeleton (Claude 

 Amboise Seurat), in 1825, and the 

 Siamese Twins, in 1829. B. R. 

 Haydon, in 1846, complained that 

 while in one week " Tom Thumb " 

 (C. S. Stratton) attracted 12,000 

 people, his own picture exhibition 

 drew 133 the being a little girl. 

 Later the hall was a centre for such 

 entertainments as those of Albert 

 Smith, Artemus Ward, and '' Mrs. 

 Brown." From May, 1873, until 

 Christmas, 1904, when he removed 

 to St. George's Hall, in Langham 

 Place, J. N. Maskelyne made it 

 " England's Home of Mystery." 

 For many years the exhibitions of 

 the Dudley Gallery Art Society 

 were held here. The figures of 

 Isis and Osiris at the entrance were 

 by Gahagan. The name is pre- 

 served in the block of business pre- 

 mises known as Egyptian House. 



2829 



Study of the an- 

 tiquities of 

 Egypt. It is con- 

 cerned not only 

 with the material 

 remains, but also 

 with religion, his- 

 tory, language, 

 art and social life, 

 although the re- 

 mains are the 

 main sources of 

 knowledge. 



Excavation of 

 the buried trea- 

 sures of Egypt 

 was begun in the 

 18th century, but 



was carried on in a very desultory tions. Once a Roman station, the 

 fashion and mainly for the purposes town was part of the electorate of 

 of curiosity and gain. However, as Treves, to whose electors its earlier 

 gradually their richness and extent fortifications were due. Owing to 

 were revealed, a highly specialised its strategic situation it was often 

 branch of study came into existence, attacked "and sometimes taken by 

 Archaeologists accompanied Napo- 

 leon on his expedition to Egypt in 

 ds the fi 



Ehrenbreitstein. The 

 from the 



te Coblenz, seen 

 bine 



1798, and soon after this 



first 



the French. It became part of 

 Prussia at the settlement of 1815 

 and was made into a modern for- 



experts in Egyptology appeared, of tress after 1870. Pop. 5,500. 

 whom Champollion was, perhaps, Ehrlich, PAUL (b. 1854). Ger- 

 the greatest. Another was Lepsius, man physiologist. Born at Streh- 



who had charge of an important 

 expedition sent by the Prussian 

 government to excavate in Egypt 

 in 1842-45, about which period 

 the word Egyptology came into 

 use. In 1858, to protect their 

 treasures from acquisitive foreign- 

 ers, and from Arab spoliation, the 

 authorities in Egypt set up, under 

 Mariette, a special department to 

 which a museum was attached, the 

 work of which has grown greatly in 

 recent years. 



len, 



Silesia, March 14, 1854, his 

 prolonged ex- 

 perimental re- 

 searches 

 brought him 

 world-wide re- 

 nown, and in 

 1908 he shared 

 with Metchni- 

 koff the Nobel 

 prize for physi- 

 ology and medi- 



Paul Ehrlich, 



German physiologist cin e. i n 1899 



The modern scientific treatment he became director of the Speyer 

 of Egyptian antiquities dates from Institute of experimental thera- 

 about 1880, and is associated peutics at Frankfort, which he 

 specially with Gaston Maspero and made famous by his laboratory 



work in connexion with cancer. 

 The founder of chimotherapy, 

 Ehrlich also laboured to discover 

 a safe and effective cure for syphilis, 

 being latterly assisted by a Japan - 



Flinders Petrie. To provide funds 

 for this work, an Egypt Explora- 

 tion Fund was started in Great 

 Britain ; 15 years later an inde- 

 pendent Egyptian Research Ac- 



count was established, and out of ese doctor named Hata. When 



the latter a British School of Arch- Hata joined him Ehrlich had 



aeology arose in 1896. France has already tried 418 combinations of 



a similar society, and work has also arsenic, and it was not until 606 



been done by various universities experiments had been made that 



and other learned societies. Egyp- any real success was in sight, 



tology is now a recognized subject Even this formula was admittedly 



of study, in which several univer- imperfect and dangerous in prac- 



sities, among them Oxford, Liver- tice, and further experiments were 



pool and London, provide instruc 



tion. See Archaeology ; Egypt. 



Ehrenbreitstein. Town of Ger 



necessary. But it was Ehrlich 

 who did most of the spade work. 

 Eibar. Manufacturing town of 



many. It stands on the right bank Spain, in the prov. of Guipuzcoa 

 of the Rhine, opposite Coblenz, It is 39 m. by rly. W. of San Sebas- 

 with which it is connected by tian, makes guns, swords, etc., and 

 bridges. Its industries include a is noted for its damascened arm-s 

 trade in jvvdne. Until 1918 it was and other metal ware. Pop. 9,659. 



Eichendorff, JOSEPH, FKEIHERR 

 VON (1788-1857). German poet and 



one of Germany's strongest for- 

 a rock overlooking the 



Rhine and the Moselle being the novelist. He was born at Lubo 

 centre of the system of foi'tifica- witz, March 10, 1788, near Ratibor. 



