ELBERFELD 



Elberfeld. Town of Germany, 

 in the Rhine Province. It stands on 

 the Wupper, 16m. N.E. of Diissel- 

 dorf, and with Barmen, which it 

 adjoins on the E., may be described 

 as the Manchester of Germany. 

 Municipalised in 1610, its indus- 

 trial prosperity began about 1750. 

 Textiles of all kinds, chemicals, 

 hardware, paper, and beer are made ; 

 there are leather, rubber, bleaching 

 and dyeing industries. Railways 

 connect the town with all parts of 

 the Continent, and intercommuni- 

 cation is facilitated by numerous 

 bridges across the Wupper, an over- 

 head electric rly. (Schwebebahn) sus- 

 pended above the Wupper, and an 

 efficient tramway system. Of the 

 churches the Reformed, Lutheran 

 and adjacent Bergischer Dom of 

 Altenberg are notable; the public 

 buildings include the new Rathaus, 

 law courts, state hall, almshouse, 

 museum, hospital, and head offices 

 of the Bergisch-Markisch Rly. 



There are two large theatres, 

 many educational establishments, 

 botanical gardens, zoological gar- 

 dens, and hotels ; the more modern 

 part contains many fine private 

 residences, and the picturesquely 

 wooded surrounding hills and val- 

 leys are dotted with garden-restaur- 

 ants. Miingsten, which has the 

 highest steel rly. bridge in Germany, 

 built 1893-97 at a cost of 125,000, 

 central arch 560 ft. in span, height 

 350 ft., total length 1,657 ft. ; and 

 Burg, with its schloss, founded 

 about 1140 and restored 1890-94, 

 are favourite holiday resorts. Elber- 

 feld, which is notable for the poor 

 relief system to which it gives its 

 name, passed with the grand duchy 

 of Berg to Prussia in 1815, and has 

 a history dating from the 12th cen- 

 tury. Pop. 170,195. 



Elberfeld System. System of 

 poor relief which originated in the 

 town of Elberfeld, Germany, early 

 in the 19th century, and was re- 

 organized by Daniel von Heydt in 

 1852. It is carried out by unpaid 

 officials who carefully investigate 

 each case calling for relief. The 

 town is divided into precincts, each 

 with an almoner, who is empowered 

 to administer immediate relief in 

 cases of emergency, and a visitor. 

 Almoners and visitors meet under 

 a district overseer at regular in- 

 tervals to consider cases and vote 

 relief ; and their proceedings are 

 reported to a central body, also 

 unpaid, which includes the mayor, 

 four councillors, and four citizens. 

 Monetary relief is granted accord- 

 ing to a schedule ; sometimes relief 

 is given in kind, as in the provision 

 ot tools, etc. . and the system aims 

 especially at avoiding pauperisa- 

 tion by enabling those who receive 

 relief to achieve a position in which 



2837 



ELBOW 



Elberfeld, Germany. General view of the industrial quarter of the town, 

 looking E. from the Kiesberg 



they can repay in money or kind the 

 help given to them. The system has 

 spread to other parts of Germany. 

 See Pauperism. 



Elbert. Granite mt. of Colorado, 

 U.S.A. It is in the Sawatch group 

 of the Rockies, the highest peak of 

 the group, and has an alt. of 

 14,421 ft. 



Elbertian. Devonian rocks oc- 

 curring in Colorado. They consist 

 of thin limestone, sandstone, and 

 calcareous shale, and contain frag- 

 mentary remains of fossil fish. Their 

 thickness is from 25 ft to 100 ft. 



Elbeuf. Town of France. It 

 stands on the left bank of the Seine, 

 in the dept. of Seine-Inferieure, 

 12 m. S.S.W of Rouen. Across the 

 river is the suburb of S. Aubin. The 

 chief buildings are the churches of 

 S. Jean and S. Etienne, two Re- 

 naissance buildings, and the town 

 hall. There is a museum, and 

 several technical and other schools. 

 The main industry is the making of 

 woollen goods. Elbeuf gives its 

 name to a forest around the town, 

 and at one time there was a duke 

 of Elbeuf. Pop. 18,290. 



Elbing. Town and seaport oi 

 Prussia, in the prov. of West 

 Prussia. It stands on the Elbing, 

 about 5 m. from its mouth in the 

 Frisches Haff. It is 50 m. by rly. 

 E.S.E. of Danzig, and is also con- 

 nected with the Vistula by a canal. 

 Although an old place, Elbing is in 

 most respects a modern industrial 

 town. S. Mary' s Church dates from 

 the 13th century; another, Corpus 

 Christi, is nearly as old. It has an 

 old school , the town hall, library, 

 and most of the other buildings are 

 modern. The chief industries are 

 shipbuilding, iron-working, and 

 the manufacture of machinery, 

 while there are some textile manu- 

 factures and a trade in grain. The 

 town has a service of electric 

 tramways, and steamers ply to 

 various ports. Until 1918 much 

 work for the German navy was 

 done here. The town originated 

 round a castle built by the Teutonic 

 Knights; it became a member of 

 the Hanseatic League, and was 

 included in Poland in 1772 ; at the 



Partition of that country a little 

 iter it became part of Prussia. 

 Pop. 58,500. 



Elbow. Joint formed by articu- 

 lation of the lower end of the hu- 

 merus, or upper arm bone, with the 

 radius and ulna, the two bones of 

 the forearm. The articulation be- 

 tween the ulna and the humerus 

 forms what is termed a hinge-joint, 

 a deep notch in the ulna, the 

 greater sigmoid cavity, gliding 

 backwards and forwards over the 

 trochlear surface of the humerus. 

 The disk-shaped head of the radius 

 contains a depression which articu- 

 lates with a prominence on the hu- 

 merus termed the capitellum; the 

 edge of the disk articulates with 

 the small sigmoid cavity of the 

 ulna. These articulations permit 

 the rotation of the forearm. The 

 tip of the elbow is formed by a 

 process of bone called the olecranon; 

 the bony prominences, which can 



Elbow. Diagram showing the three 

 bones forming the joint ; above, re- 

 lations of the bones and muscles 



