ELBURZ 



be felt on the inside and outside 

 of the elbow when the arm is held 

 with the palm of the hand facing 

 forwards (supination), are the in- 

 ternal and external condyles of the 

 humerus. 



INJURIES TO THE ELBOW. These 

 may involve both radius and ulna 

 together, or only one bone. The 

 most frequent dislocation of the 

 two bones together is backwards, 

 and may be associated with frac- 

 ture of the olecranon, or the coro- 

 noid process, a prominence which 

 forms the lower part of the greater 

 sigmoid notch. This condition is 

 accompanied by pain, swelling, and 

 changes in the relative positions 

 of the bony joints to each other, 

 the forearm being kept partially 

 bent and the hand held midway be- 

 tween supination and pronation, 

 i.e. between complete external and 

 internal rotation. The dislocation 

 can usually be reduced without 

 much difficulty. 



Dislocations of both bones for- 

 wards or sideways are much less 

 frequent. When a single bone is 

 dislocated, it is most frequently 

 the radius, since the articulation 

 between it and the humerus is less 

 firm and close than that between 

 the ulna and the humerus. In for- 

 ward dislocation of the radius the 

 head of the bone rests against the 

 front of the lower end of the hu- 

 merus, which prevents the patient 

 from completely bending his elbow. 

 Reduction can be effected by pull- 

 ing the forearm forwards while it 

 is bent at a right angle, and at the 

 same time pressing the head of the 

 bone back into its place. 



Sprain of the elbow, or " pulled 

 elbow," is an accident not infre- 

 quent in young children, in which 

 the head of the radius slips down, 

 and one of the ligaments becomes 

 nipped between the radius and 

 humerus. It is easily replaced by 

 bending the limb and then extend- 

 ing it. Fractures of the bones form- 

 ing the elbow-joint frequently com- 

 plicate dislocation. The humerus 

 may be broken across just above 

 the condyles, or either condyle may 

 be fractured. 



DISEASES OF THE ELBOW. Tuber- 

 culosis of the elbow is more fre- 

 quent in children than in adults. 

 The joint becomes swollen and 

 painful, and chronic abscesses form 

 which may extend to the surface 

 and break through the skin, thus 

 giving rise to a sinus. Treatment 

 consists in keeping the limb at 

 rest and building up the general 

 constitution. Sometimes surgical 

 measures are appropriate. Arthritis 

 of the elbow joint may be the result 

 of septic or gonorrhoeal infection, 

 chronic rheumatism, or gout. Sy- 

 novitis, which may be acute or 



2833 



chronic, is inflammation of the 

 synovial membrane which lines the 

 joint. Inflammation and enlarge- 

 ment of the bursa, which lies over 

 the olecranon process, gives rise 

 to the condition known as " miner's 

 elbow." See Anatomy ; Arm ; also 

 illus. p. 2600. 



Elburz OR ELBRUZ. Highest 

 mountain of the Caucasus. It is a 

 little to the N. of the main chain, 

 near the border of the Kuban and 

 Terek provinces. It consists of 

 two extinct volcanic peaks, 18,526 

 ft. and 18,460 ft. respectively. El- 

 burz was first ascended in 1829. 

 According to tradition, it was the 

 first resting-place of the Ark. See 

 Caucasia. 



Elburz. Mountain range skirt- 

 ing the S. shore of the Caspian. 

 It extends for a length of 600 m., 

 and to a width in places of 200 m., 

 through N.W. Persia. On its N. 

 slopes are fertile valleys, and at 

 various points naphtha and petrol 

 are found in considerable quanti- 

 ties. The highest peak is the vol- 

 cano, Mt. Demavend (q.v. ). 



Elche. Town of Spain, in the 

 prov. of Alicante. It stands on the 

 Vinalapo, 13 m. by rly. S.W. of 

 Alicante. Of Moorish appearance, 

 with flat-topped houses, open 

 squares, and narrow streets, the 

 town is nearly surrounded by a 

 plantation of date palms, the fruit 

 being exported as " Barbary " dates. 

 It has an ancient castle of the 

 duke of Arcos, a bishop's palace, 

 and a handsome church (Santa 

 Maria), with a beautiful blue-tiled 

 dome. An important rly. junction, 

 it carries on a trade in fruit, and 

 exports grass mats, wine, hemp, 

 leather, flour, oil, and soap. Santa 

 Pola, its port, lies 2 m. S.E. At 

 the feast of the Assumption, a 

 14th century musical play is per- 

 formed. Pop. 30,713. Pron. El-chay. 



Elchingen. Village of Germany, 

 in Bavaria. It stands on the 

 Danube, 8 m. N.E. of Ulm, and is 

 famous for the battle fought here 

 between the French and the 

 Austrians, Oct. 14, 1805. This was 

 part of the campaign that ended in 

 the capitulation of the Austrians at 

 Ulm and their defeat at Austerlitz. 

 The two armies met at the bridge 

 which here crosses the Danube, 

 and which was then in ruins. The 

 French, however, quickly remade 

 it, and the army got across. The 

 Austrians under Mack were already 

 demoralised, and only one part of 

 the army stood to fight, and this 

 was hampered by difficulties of 

 every kind. The chief feature was 

 the surrender of a large number 

 of Austrians. Ney was made 

 duke of Elchingen as a reward for 

 his distinguished services here. See 

 Ulm, Campaign of. 



ELDER BRETHREN 



Elder (Sambucus). Hardy shrub- 

 by trees, natives of Britain, of 

 the natural order Caprifoliaceae. 



Elder. A large specimen of tbe tree 

 in bloom 



Their height is about ten ft. ; the 

 flowers are white and variegated. 

 They may be grown in any ordinary 

 soil in open shrubberies. There 

 are a few varieties of S. European 

 origin, but they are rarely seen to 

 advantage in British shrubberies. 

 They are propagated by cuttings in 

 autumn or spring. 8. nigra is the 

 familiar native elder, the berries 

 of which are used for the manu- 

 facture of home-made wine. A 

 liquid distilled from the flowers, 

 elder-flower water, is largely used 

 for flavouring confectionery. Owing 

 to its lightness, balls made from the 

 pith are largely used in electrical 

 experiments. 



Elder. Word used in a civil and 

 an eccles. sense for an overseer. 

 Of frequent occurrence in the Bible, 

 in the O.T. it is applied to the 

 heads or representatives of tribes 

 and families, especially of the 

 Israelites, as the word sheikh is 

 among the Arabs. In the N.T. it 

 is used to define officers of the 

 Church who originally may have 

 been identical with the bishops. 

 Certain office-bearers in the Pres- 

 byterian and other churches are 

 called elders. The word alderman 

 (q.v.) is a familiar English equiva- 

 lent of the word. See Bishop ; 

 Kirk Session ; Presbyter. 



Elder Brethren of the Trinity 

 House. Members of the corpora- 

 tion of Trinity House, Tower Hill, 

 London, E.G., sometimes known as 

 Trinity Masters. They consist of 

 members of the royal family, 

 prominent statesmen, retired naval 

 officers of high rank, and comman- 

 ders in the mercantile marine. 

 Ten of these are acting members, 

 who, when required, assist the 

 judges of the admiralty division 

 as nautical assessors in shipping 

 cases. See Trinity House. 



