EL FASHER 



and blend in the more general term 

 of fays and fairies. There have been 

 attempts to link the elf tradition 

 with a primitive northern people 

 of small stature. 



Flint arrow-heads were called 

 elf-arrows or elf-bolts from an idea 

 that they were weapons of these 

 little people. They are worn as 

 amulets (Ancient Etruria, Italy), 

 and reproduced for sale (Mecca). 

 In Ireland water poured over them 

 is given to cattle. Other things 

 associated with them were elf- 

 locks, hair matted together by 

 them in mischief, or as they wore 

 it ; elf-child, a changeling ; elf- 

 knot, the hole in a piece of wood 

 from which a knot has fallen, being 

 the hole through which an elf can 

 pass ; night-elf, the nightmare ; 

 elf-light, will-o'-the-wisp ; elf-lay, 

 an enchanting fairy song. See 

 Folklore. 



Bibliography. The Fairy Mythol- 

 ogy, T. Keightly, rev. ed. 1847; 

 Teutonic Mythology, J. L. C. 

 Grimm, Eng. trans, from 4th Ger- 

 man ed. J. S. Stallybrass, vol. iv, 

 1888 ; Testimony of Tradition, D. 

 MacRitchie, 1890. 



El Fasher. Capital of Darfur, 

 in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. It 

 is about 200 m. N.N.W. of El 

 Obeid, the W. terminus of the 

 Sudan Government rlys., and is a 

 caravan centre with considerable 

 trade. 



Elgar, Sm EDWARD (b. 1857). 

 British composer. Born at Broad- 

 heath, Worcestershire, June 2, 

 1857, the son 

 of an organist, 

 he was largely 

 self-taught as 

 a musician. He 

 gained valu- 

 able experi- 

 ence in con- 

 nexion with 

 the local musi- 

 c a 1 societies, 

 his first success 

 being the pro- 

 duction of King Olaf at Hanley 

 in 1893. In 1899 his Enigma orches- 

 tral variations and his Sea Pictures 

 added much to his reputation, which 

 was firmly established by the per- 

 formanceof TheDreamof Gerontius 

 (Birmingham, 1900). His other 

 important works are The Apostles, 

 The Kingdom, two orchestral sym- 

 phonies, and a violin concerto. In 

 1904 Elgar was knighted, in 1911 

 was given the Order of Merit, and 

 in 1924 was appointed Master of 

 the King's Musick 



Elgin. Royal and mun. burgh 

 and county town of Elginshire, Scot- 

 land. It is 80 m. by rly. N.W. of 

 Aberdeen by the G.N.S. and High- 

 land Rlys. ; Lossiemouth, its port, 

 is 5 m. to the N. Elgin has ruins 

 of a beautiful cathedral, founded 



2864 



Elgin arms 



in 1224, burnt 

 down in 1270, 

 rebuilt, and 

 again destroyed 

 by fire in 1390 by 

 the Wolf of Bade- 

 noch. Restored 

 to greater magni- 

 ficence, it was 

 wrecked by the 



fall of the central tower, 1711. 



Remains exist of the bishop's 

 palace, a royal castle, and monas- 



1 "** 

 Sir Edward Elgar, 

 British composer 



Elgin, Scotland. The western 



towers of the ruined cathedral. 



viewed from the chancel end 



teries of Blackfriars and Grey- 

 friars ; the Greyfriars chapel was 

 restored by the third marquess of 

 Bute. Woollen manufacture, iron- 

 founding, and tanning are indus- 

 tries. A park of over 40 acres was 

 presented by G. A. Cooper in 1903. 

 Market day, Fri. The shire is more 

 usually known as Morayshire (q.v. ). 

 Pop. of mun. burgh, 8,656. 



Elgin. City of Illinois, U.S.A., 

 in Kane co. On the Fox river, 

 which supplies power for the in- 

 dustrial establishments, it is 36 m. 

 W.N. W. of Chicago by the Chicago, 

 Milwaukee, and St. Paul Rly. Dairy 

 farming is an important local in- 

 dustry, and the city has large 

 watch factories and manufactures 

 condensed milk, flour, boots, shoes, 

 and shirts. There are several 

 hospitals and a public library. 

 Settled in 1835, it was granted a 

 city charter in 1854. Pop. 28,560. 



Elgin, EARL OF. Scottish title 

 held by the family of Bruce since 

 1633. Sir Edward Bruce, master of 

 the rolls under James I, was made 

 a ba-on in 1 60 1 , and his son Thomas 

 was made earl of Elgin and later an 

 English baron. The 2nd earl was 

 made earl of Aylesbury in 1663. In 

 1746 the direct line failed, and 

 there was a division of the titles, 

 the earldom of Elgin passing to 

 Charles Bruce, 9th earl of Kincar- 



ELGIN 



dine, whose successors have borne 

 the double title. Thomas Bruce, 

 7th earl of Elgin and llth earl of 

 Kincardine, a general in the army 

 and ambassador at Brussels, Ber- 

 lin, and Constantinople, is remem- 

 bered as the collector of the Elgin 

 Marbles (q.v.). His son and grand- 

 son served the state in various high 

 capacities. The family seat is 

 Broomhall, Fife, the earl's son is 

 known as Lord Bruce, and the earl 

 sits in the House of Lords by 

 virtue of a barony created in 1849. 

 Pron. Elg-in. 



Elgin, JAMES BRUCE, STH EARL 

 OF (1811-63). British diplomatist. 

 Born in London, July 20, 1811, son 

 of the 7th earl, 

 whom he suc- 

 ceeded in 1841, 

 he was gover- 

 nor of Jamaica 

 from 1842-46, 

 and governor- 

 general of 

 Canada from 

 1846-54. He 

 was raised to 8th Earl oJ Elgin, 

 the British British diplomatist 

 peerage in 1849. In 1857 he was 

 sent as envoy to China to demand 

 reparation for the seizure of the 

 British lorcha Arrow, and on the 

 way out diverted his troops to 

 assist Lord Canning in the Indian 

 mutiny. He negotiated the treatise 

 of Tientsin and Yeddo in 1858, 

 and in China again in 1860 secured 

 the ratification of the treaty of 

 Tientsin. In 1862 and 1863 he was 

 viceroy of India, where he died 

 Nov. 20, 1863. See his Letters 

 and Journals, 1872; Lives, J. G. 

 Bourinot, 1905 ; G. M. Wrong, 1905. 

 Elgin , VICTOR ALEXANDER BRUCE, 

 9ra EARL OF (1849-1917). British 

 statesman. Born at Montreal, 

 May 16, 1849, 

 when his father 

 was governor- 

 general of Can- 

 ada, he was 

 educated at 

 Glenalmond, 

 Eton, and Bal- 

 liol College, 

 Oxford. In 

 1863 he suc- 

 ceeded to his 

 f a t h e r' s es- 



9th Earl of Elgin, 

 British statesman 



Elliott & Fry 



tates and titles, these including the 

 earldom of Kincardine. With Glad- 

 stone he became a Home Ruler, 

 and in the government of 1886 was 

 treasurer of the household and first 

 commissioner of works y From 

 1894-99 he was viceroy of India. In 

 1902 he was chairman of the royal 

 commission appointed to inquire 

 into the preparations for the South 

 African War, and later of the one 

 that reported on the ecclesiastical 

 crisis in Scotland, caused by the 



