EMERALD 



t 



Emden. The German light cruiser when she had been 



driven ashore on North Keeling, one of the Cocos Islands, 



after her battle with the Australian cruiser Sydney 



navy, and relics from the Emden 

 were distributed to various Aus- 

 tralian cities. 



Another German light cruiser, 

 built in 1915, was christened Em- 

 den in fulfilment of a promise 

 made by the Kaiser when the first 

 was destroyed that a new one 

 should sail the seas. This vessel was 

 among the warships surrendered to 

 the Allies after the armistice, and 

 was allotted to France in 1920. 



Emerald (Gr. smaragdos, Fr. 

 emeraude, Span, esmeralda). Green 

 variety of mineral beryl, a me- 

 tasilicate of beryllium and alu- 

 minium found in granitic or schis- 

 tose rocks, and in veins traversing 



2887 



1 " scientific emer- 

 j aids," contains 

 1 from 7 p. c. to 8 p. c. 

 | of beryllin, but t 

 i although almost 

 I identical with, are 

 j of lower specific 

 I gravity and re- 

 l f ractivity than, the 

 '4 true stones, and 

 are almost always 

 " cloudy " or 

 j "mossy." "Emer- 

 aldines" are arti- 

 ficially coloured 

 chalcedony. 



Emerald 

 Green. Name ap- 

 plied to certain 

 green colouring 

 matters. The two 

 mineral emerald greens are aceto- 

 arsenite of copper and hydrated 

 chromium sesqui-oxide. The ani- 

 line dye known under this name is 

 prepared by the action of benzal- 

 dehyde upon dimethylaniline and 

 subsequent oxidation. 



Emergency Ration. Ration 

 carried by troops on active service 

 or at manoeuvres to serve in the 

 event of their being beyond reach 

 of the ordinary daily issue. Also 

 known as an Iron Ration, most 

 stringent regulations are in force 

 to prevent its consumption except 

 in the last emergency. In the 

 British army it consists of four 

 biscuits, one tin of bully beef, and a 



prisms ; it is valued as a gem- 

 stone on account of its colour. 

 Perfect crystals are rare, many 

 stones show " mossiness," due to 

 tiny fissures and air bubbles, while 

 the colour is often very irregularly 

 distributed. Emeralds of antiquity 

 came from Egypt ; its mines, re- 

 opened in the 19th century, yield 

 handsome stones, though generally 

 small in size and rather pale in hue. 

 The finest crystals come from 

 South America, chiefly Colombia, 

 and from the Urals ; a few are 

 found in Austria, Australia, and 

 the U.S.A. 



Certain other stones are known 

 as emeralds. The " oriental " 

 emeralds are Australian sage-green 

 corundums ; " Brazilian " are 

 tourmalines ; " Uralian " are green 

 garnets ; " lithia " are spodu- 

 menes ; " evening emeralds " are 

 bottle-green peridots ; " false " 

 are fluor-spar ; while " mother of 

 emerald " is green quartz ; and 

 " emerald copper " a dioptase (a 

 green silicate of copper). 



Artificial emeralds are made by 

 fusing together 4,608 parts of strass, 

 42 parts of copper oxide, and 2 

 parts of chromic oxide. A finer qual- 

 ity, known as " synthetic " or 



may only be opened by order of 

 an officer. 



Emerson, RALPH WALDO (1803- 

 82). American poet, essayist, and 

 philosopher. He was born at Bos- 

 ton, Mass., May 25, 1803, the son 

 of a Unitarian minister, and was 

 educated at the Boston Latin 

 school and Harvard. After gradua- 

 ting in 1821, he spent three years in 

 teaching, and then, having entered 

 the Unitarian ministry, was ap- 

 pointed joint minister of the 

 Second Church in Boston, 1829. 

 In the same year he married Ellen 

 Louisa Tucker, who died in 1832, 

 and in that year he resigned his 

 ministry in consequence of his 

 widened views, to which he had 

 given expression in a sermon on the 

 Lord's Supper (Works, vol. xi, 7), 

 not meeting with the approval of 

 his congregation. 



In 1833 Emerson travelled in 

 Europe, visited Carlyle, and began 

 that lifelong friendship with him 

 Which bore literary fruit in a not- 

 able collection of letters. On re- 

 turning to America he settled at 

 Concord, Mass., and entered upon 

 his career as writer and lecturer, 

 which, in a few years, was to place 



EMERSON 



him hi the front rank of American 

 men of letters. The year after 

 settling in Concord, he married 

 again, his second wife being Lydia 

 Jackson (1802-92). In 1836 he 

 published a slim volume, Nature, 

 in which he briefly stated the case 

 for a new outlook on things in place 

 of the continued acceptance of mere 

 tradition. In subsequent addresses, 

 lectures, and essays, the thoughts 

 enunciated in Nature were enlarged 

 upon and developed. In 1840 he 

 commenced writing for The Dial, 

 and edited it for two years ; this 

 magazine came to be regarded as 

 the special organ of the New Eng- 

 land Transcendental movement in 

 religion, literature, and philosophy. 

 The first volume of those essays 

 by which he was to become most 

 widely famous was published in 

 1841, and a second series followed 

 three years later. In 1847 the first 

 collection of his poems was pub- 

 lished, and in the autumn of 

 the same year he revisited England 

 on a lecturing tour, delivering a 

 series of addresses on Representa- 

 tive Men Plato, Swedenborg, 

 Montaigne, Shakespeare, Napoleon, 



and Goethe. The volume contain- 

 ing these addresses was published 

 in 1850. He had returned to Con- 

 cord in 1849, and in 1856 the fruits 

 of his observation during his ex- 

 tended stay in England were em- 

 bodied in that admirable, and, on 

 the whole, rarely discriminating 

 volume, English Traits. 



Writing and lecturing, he came 

 to take a high position as the chief 

 leader of American thought of his 

 generation, and, despite some un- 

 favourable comment on his some- 

 what staccato literary style, to be 

 recognized in England as a great 

 suggestive and stimulating writer. 



