EMMOTT 



289 1 



EMPETRACEAE 



of the Great War, he was in com- 

 mand of the army of the Meuse 

 that invaded Belgium and at- 

 tacked Liege, which he captured 

 on Aug. 7, 1914. In April-May, 

 1915, he took part in Macken- 

 sen's drive in Galicia. He died 

 Dec., 1915. 



Emmott, ALFRED EMMOTT, IST 

 BARON (b. 1859). British politician. 

 The son of Thomas Emmott, a 

 Quaker cotton spinner of Brook- 

 field, Oldham, he was born May 8, 

 1859. After 

 graduating at 

 London U n i - 

 versity,he spent 

 some years in 

 business at Old- 

 h a m , and i n 

 1899 was re- 

 turned at a bye- 

 election as Lib- Baron Emmott , 

 eral M.P. for British politician 

 the borough. In EIHOU & Fry 

 1906 he was chairman of ways and 

 means in the House of Commons, a 

 post he retained until 1911, when he 

 was made Baron Emmott of Old- 

 ham. In the same year he was ap- 

 pointed under-secretary for the 

 colonies, and in 1914 he became 

 first commissioner of works, leaving 

 office on the fall of the Asquith 

 ministry in 1915. In 1918-19 

 Emmott was director of the War 

 Trade Department. His Nationali- 

 zation of Industries was published 

 in 1920. 



Emotion (Lat. emovere, to agi- 

 tate). Mental state or feeling 

 brought about by sensations, as 

 contrasted with cognition or voli- 

 tion. Emotions are subjective and 

 isolated. Thus, when I hate some 

 one, I am conscious that I am the 

 person who hates and that I hate a 

 particular person who arouses the 

 emotion of hate. I am concerned 

 only with my particular hate and 

 with the particular object of it. 

 Love, hate, fear, anger, joy, sorrow 

 are emotions. Emotions may be 

 roughly divided into pleasant or 

 unpleasant, to which others add 

 those emotions that produce ex- 

 citement or depression, tension or 

 relief. The psychical disturbance 

 caused by emotion as a rule pro- 

 duces a corresponding external 

 disturbance. 



Empedocles (c. 495^*35 B.C.). 

 Greek philosopher of Agrigentum 

 in Sicily. He was the first to teach 

 that all material substances are 

 compounded from the four so- 

 called elements, fire, air, earth, and 

 water. These four elements are 

 continually being separated and 

 mingled by two moving forces, 

 one Love or Friendship, the other 

 Strife. He thus combined the 

 Being of the Eleatics (q.v.) with 

 the Becoming of Heraclitus (q.v.). 



According 

 to legend, 

 Empedocles 

 threw himself 

 into the burn- 

 ing crater of 

 Etna in order 

 that the com- 

 pleteness o f 

 his disappear- 

 ance might 

 engender the 

 belief that he had been translated 

 alive to heaven. This legend is the 

 subject of Matthew Arnold's Em- 

 pedocles on Etna (1852). Pron. 

 Emped-o-kleez. 



Empennage (Lat. penna, fea- 

 ther). French word used generally 

 for the feathering or complete 

 equipment of minor planes, fins, 

 etc., at the tail of an aeroplane. It 

 thus comprises the fixed tail or sta- 

 biliser, the vertical fin, the rudder, 

 and the elevator. Empennage 

 would be more accurately restric- 

 ted to the tail plane and the fixed 

 vertical fin. See Aeroplane. 



Emperor (Lat. imperare, to 

 command). Title applied to sov- 

 ereigns of the highest class. It was 

 first used in this sense by Julius 

 Caesar, who, among other titles, 

 called himself imperator, a title 

 hitherto borne by certain officials 

 while in command of troops 

 abroad. His nephew Augustus es- 

 tablished the empire, and the title 

 was borne by his successors both 

 in Rome and in Constantinople ; it 

 was taken by Charlemagne when, 

 in 800, he founded the medieval 

 empire. The rulers of the Holy 

 Roman Empire bore it until the 

 dissolution of that body in 1806, 

 and in the 19th century it was 

 assumed by several rulers who re- 

 garded themselves as more power- 

 ful than ordinary kings. Chief 

 among these was Napoleon, who in 

 1804 assumed the title of Emperor 

 of the French, an example followed 

 in 1853 by Napoleon III. 



While the English translated the 

 word imperator as emperor and 

 the French as empereur, the Ger- 

 mans had rendered it as Kaiser, 

 a tribute to Caesar, and this was 

 the title taken by Francis II when he 

 became emperor of Austria in 1804. 

 In 1871 William I took the title of 

 Deutscher Kaiser, but in both these 

 cases the idea was well represented 

 by the English word emperor. Less 

 correctly, perhaps, the Russian 

 word tsar was freely translated 

 emperor. 



In the New World there were 

 emperors of Brazil from 1821 to 

 1889, and in 1864 Maximilian of 

 Austria took the title when he set 

 up his empire in Mexico. The word 

 is also used to translate the titles 

 of rulers of E. countries : for in- 



stance, we speak sometimes of the 

 emperor of Japan. The British 

 sovereign is called emperor of India, 

 a translation of Kaiser -i- Hind, the 

 title taken by Queen Victoria in 

 1876. The Greek word basile.ua is 

 usually translated emperor. This 

 was applied to certain rulers be- 

 fore the Christian era, and was 

 afterwards taken by the emperors 

 at Constantinople. 



The original idea was that there 

 could be only one emperor, whose 

 authority extended throughout 

 Christendom, and who was the 

 overlord of kings. The modern ten- 

 dency is to use it for the ruler of a 

 collection of countries, but, al- 

 though we speak of the British 

 empire, it has, strictly speaking, 

 no emperor. See Sovereignty 



Emperor Butterfly OR PURPLE 

 EMPEROR (Apatura iris). Large 

 British butterfly, found locally in 

 woods in the S.E. counties of Eng- 

 land. It usually haunts the tops 

 of oak trees and rarely visits the 

 ground. In colour the male is dark 

 Brown, with a rich purple lustre ; 

 with a white curved band crossing 

 the wings that bear white spots at 

 the tips. The female, which is larger 

 than the male, lacks the purple 

 lustre. See Butterfly ; also Fig. 23, 

 on colour plate 2, following p. 1528. 



Emperor Moth (Saturnia pa- 

 vonia). Large night-flying moth, 



fairl common 



Emperor Moth, 



Saturnia pavonia 



many parts of 

 Great Britain. 

 The wings 

 are mottled 

 brown and 

 tawny, with 

 a conspicuous 

 eye in the 

 middle of 

 each, which 

 readily dis- 

 tinguishes it 



British species. 



from any other 



The caterpillar feeds on the sallow, 

 bramble, heather, and other plants, 

 See Moth ; also iilus. p. 454. 



Emperor Nicholas II Island. 

 Partially explored land N. of North 

 East Cape, or Cheliuskin, Siberia. 

 See Nicholas II Land. 



Empetraceae (Gr. empetros, 

 growing on rocks). Natural order 

 of evergreen heath-like shrubs. 

 They are natives of the N. tem- 

 perate and arctic zones, and also of 





Empetraceae. Leaves and fruit, also 

 shown in section, o! red crowberry 



