EMPHYSEMA 



Chile and Fuegia. They have small, 

 narrow, alternate leaves, and small, 

 regular flowers, succeeded by 

 fleshy berries. See Crowberry. 



Emphysema (Gr., inflation). 

 Condition in which the alveoli or 

 air-cells of the lungs are over-dis- 

 tended with air and their walls 

 atrophied. It is due mainly to long- 

 continued increase of pressure of 

 the air within the lungs and is most 

 often seen in players on wind- 

 instruments, glass-blowers, and 

 sufferers from chronic bronchitis. 



Emphysema produces enlarge- 

 ment of the chest, which becomes 

 barrel-shaped owing to arching of 

 the ribs and sternum ; the costal 

 cartilages frequently become calci- 

 fied, and movement of the ribs 

 during respiration is much dimin- 

 ished, breathing being effected 

 chiefly by means of the diaphragm 

 muscle. The symptoms come on 

 gradually, the earliest being some 

 difficulty in breathing and feeling 

 of " tightness " in the chest. The 

 incomplete oxygenation of the 

 blood may lead to cyanosis or 

 blueness of the face. The disease 

 may persist for many years, but 

 gradually becomes worse. Death 

 may occur from pneumonia, or the 

 long-continued pressure in the 

 lungs may lead to dilatation of the 

 heart and dropsy. Medical treat- 

 ment is not of much avail. Sufferers 

 are always worse in winter than in 

 summer, and if possible the winter 

 should be spent in a warm climate. 



Subcutaneous or surgical em- 

 physema is a condition in which 

 air finds its way into the tissues of 

 the body, most often due to an 

 injury which has resulted in an 

 abnormal communication between 

 an air- containing cavity and the 

 subcutaneous tissue. In rupture of 

 a lung, for instance, air may pass 

 under the pleura or lining mem- 

 brane, and spread up into the root 

 of the neck and over the chest, pro- 

 ducing swelling and a characteris- 

 tic crepitation on pressure. Frac- 

 ture of the frontal sinuses or air- 

 cells may lead to subcutaneous 

 emphysema in the forehead. 



Emphyteusis (Gr.-Lat., im- 

 planting). Term of Roman law. 

 It meant the right to enjoy the 

 fruits of property belonging to 

 another, on payment of a pensio or 

 rent to the owner. It applied not 

 only to land and houses, but to 

 other property, e.g. slaves. The 

 lessee might not allow the thing to 

 deteriorate in value ; and was 

 bound to pay the rent whether the 

 thing was beneficial to him or not. 

 Empire. Word derived from the 

 Roman word imperium and mean- 

 ing rule. It was used to describe 

 the lands ruled by an emperor, the 



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most powerful of temporal rulers, 

 who claimed to be superior 

 to kings. The Roman empire 

 founded by Augustus was suc- 

 ceeded by the medieval empire, 

 known as the Holy Roman Empire, 

 and by the Byzantium empire at 

 Constantinople. In the 19th cen- 

 tury there arose the Austrian, 

 French, and German empires, and 

 in the New World those of Brazil 

 and Mexico. 



The word is used also for large 

 states of the E., and we speak of 

 the Chinese and Japanese empires. 

 Moreover, the great states that 

 existed before the Christian era 

 are, for convenience, called em- 

 pires, and we are familiar with a 

 cycle of empires those of Assyria, 

 Persia, Macedonia preceding that 

 of Rome. At present the tendency 

 is to describe a federation of states 

 as an empire, the great use of the 

 word in this sense being for the 

 British Empire (q.v. ). See Rome. 



Empire, HOLY ROMAN. Medie- 

 val institution that lasted from 

 800 to 1806. The Holy Roman 

 Empire was born on Christmas 

 Day A.D. 800, when Charlemagne 

 was crowned emperor by the 

 pope. It expired in 1806, when 

 Francis II dropped the ancient 

 title and called himself emperor 

 of Austria. 



From A.D. 475 to A.D. 800 Con- 

 stantinople had been the seat of 

 the lineal successor of the Roman 

 emperors, whose supremacy in the 

 W. had been a mere figment, while 

 the bishops of Rome had asserted 

 a claim to be the spiritual head of 

 Christendom in defiance of the 

 E. authority whether temporal or 

 ecclesiastical. Charlemagne made 

 himself effective master of W. 

 Europe, and the defender of the 

 papacy against its enemies ; and, 

 as at Constantinople the empress 

 Irene usurped the imperial throne, 

 the pope crowned the Frankish 

 king as the heir of the Caesars and 

 Roman emperor. The actual title, 

 the Holy Roman Empire, was 

 adopted by Otto I in 962. 



The Dominions of Charlemagne 

 The new Roman Empire, then, 

 was at first co-extensive with the 

 dominions of Charlemagne. The 

 British Isles were outside it ; so 

 was Scandinavia ; and so was the 

 greater part of Spain. Roughly 

 speaking, the line of the Elbe 

 and the Adriatic Sea marked its E. 

 boundary. Under Charlemagne's 

 successors it was parted into three 

 portions : the Latinised West, 

 which retained the Frankish name, 

 and was ultimately shaped into the 

 kingdom of France ; the eastern or 

 definitely German section, which 

 was gradually extended till it em- 



EMP1RE 



braced all the German and some of 

 the Slavonic peoples ; and the cen- 

 tral portion, lying about the rivers 

 Rhine and Rhone, and including 

 the greater part of Italy, of which, 

 however, a S. remnant continued to 

 be attached to the E. empire. 



In spite of the division between 

 the princes of the Carolingian 

 house, one was recognized as en- 

 joying a sort of primacy, and he 

 bore the imperial title. But the 

 Carolingian dynasty wore itself out 

 by the beginning of the 10th cen- 

 tury in the eastern and middle 

 kingdoms ; with the result that 

 France became independent, while 

 the supremacy in the empire passed 

 to an elected German king, who 

 himself only bore the imperial title 

 when he had been crowned in 

 Rome. Fragments of the middle 

 kingdom were attached to France, 

 but the greater part of it was in- 

 cluded in the empire. 



The first German king was Henry 

 the Fowler ; under his son Otto the 

 Great, the Holy Roman Empire 

 was reconstituted. There was no 

 hereditary right of succession to 

 the German kingdom ; but the 

 descendants of a powerful emperor 

 usually retained the succession for 

 generations. The ruler was there- 

 fore German king by a mixture of 

 election and descent, for the elected 

 king was more frequently than not 

 a son or near relative of the late 

 ruler. 



Great Congeries of Principalities 

 A custom grew up by which, in 

 order to avoid an electoral struggle 

 on the death of an emperor, the 

 future emperor was designated 

 during the lifetime of the reigning 

 one, and he bore the title of king of 

 the Romans. The Empire in fact 

 was a great congeries of principali- 

 ties large and small, lay and eccle- 

 siastical, of which one of the 

 princes was the official head, by 

 right of election and by sanction of 

 the exercise of physical force 

 superior to that of rivals or recal- 

 citrants. From the middle of the 

 10th century to the middle of the 

 13th the emperor is in the first 

 place a German prince having a 

 limited authority over the rest of 

 the German princes. In the second 

 place he is the legal overlord also 

 of Italy ; the tradition and title 

 of the "Empire fosters in the em- 

 perors a desire to be Roman 

 Caesars rather than German Kais- 

 ers. Thirdly, the emperors incar- 

 nate the idea, but not the fact, of 

 Christendom as a unity. 



But beside the Empire as unify- 

 ing Christendom stood the papacy, 

 actually dominating the entire 

 ecclesiastical organization of West- 

 ern Christendom, claiming for the 



