ENAREA 



Enarea. Plateau region of Abys- 

 sinia, S.W. of Shoa. It has hills 

 attaining an elevation of 8,000 ft. 

 above sea level, upon the slopes 

 of which coffee grows in abun- 

 dance. The people are an off-shoot 

 of the Gallas. The chief town is 

 Saka, near the Gibbe river. 



Encaenia (Gr. en, in ; kainos, 

 new). Feast of dedication or re- 

 newing. It is used especially for 

 an anniversary of the dedication of 

 a church or temple. Among the 

 Jews it is applied particularly to 

 the anniversary festival of the dedi- 

 cation of the temple at Jerusalem. 

 At Oxford University, Commemor- 

 ation, the festival at the end of the 

 academic year, when founders and 

 benefactors are commemorated, is 

 also known as Encaenia. 



Encalada, MANUEL BLANCO 

 (1790-1876). Chilean soldier and 

 diplomatist. He was born at Buenos 

 Aires, and having been educated at 

 Madrid and the naval academy 

 at Leon, returned to S. America, 

 where he joined the revolutionary 

 party. He was with Cochrane (earl 

 of Dundonald) in his Pacific cam- 

 paign as commander of the Chilean 

 navy. In 1853 he was appointed 

 Chilean'minister to France. He died 

 Sept. 5/1876, at Santiago de Chile. 



Encarnacion. Department of 

 S.E. Paraguay. Watered by the 

 Parana and tributaries, it is one of 

 the most important, fertile, and best 

 cultivated districts of Paraguay, 

 the chief products being fruit. Villa 

 Encarnacion, the capital, stands on 

 the river Parana, 175 m. by rly. S.E. 

 of Asuncion. Its harbour is the 

 port of five lines navigating the 

 Parana. Pop. 12,500. 



Encaustic (Gr. enkaustikos, 

 burnt in). Species of painting with 

 colours and wax, said to have been 

 invented by Polygnotus (5th cen- 

 tury B.C.) and much practised by 

 the ancient Egyptians and Greeks. 

 Their technique is not definitely 

 known, but it is surmised that 

 coloured powder was mixed with 

 white wax and kneaded into small 

 cakes. When required metal disks 

 with cuplike indentations were 

 heated and a cake was laid on the 

 palette, a different colour in each 

 depression, and gradually melted. 

 The process was rapid, for the 

 wax, laid on with a brush, cooled 

 quickly and the work had then to 

 be touched again with moderately 

 hot irons, which fused the tints. En- 

 caustic painting has been revived 

 by H. Cros and C. Henry, who 

 adapted Caylus' formula for the 

 blending of the wax and pigments. 



Enceinte (Fr., circuit, enclo- 

 sure). Innermost line of continuous 

 earthworks or other fortifications 

 enclosing a fortress, strong point, 

 or locality. The general modern 



arrangement is an outer ring of 

 detached fortresses, then a series of 

 prepared defences on favourable 

 positions which permit of a step by 

 step retirement if the outer ring 

 falls, leading up to the enceinte, 

 the last line of resistance. This 

 defence is provided at Metz, Stras- 

 bourg, Verdun, and fortifications of 

 similar dates, but conditions of 

 modern warfare render the enceinte 

 of little if any value as a line of re- 

 sistance. See Castle ; Fortification. 



Encephalartos (Gr. enkephalos, 

 in the head ; artos, bread). Botani- 

 cal name for the plant producing 

 kaffir bread (q.v. ). tfeeillus. p. 2416. 



Enchantment (Lat. incantare, 

 to chant a magic formula). Magical 

 spell or incantation by means of 

 which the subject, animate or in- 

 animate, is thought to be brought 

 under the influence of sorcery or 

 witchcraft. See Magic. 



Enchondroma (Gr. en, in ; chon- 

 rfras,gristle,cartilage). Tumour com- 

 posed mainly of cartilaginous tissue. 



Encina OR ENZINA, JUAN DE LA 

 (c. 1468-1534). Spanish poet and 

 dramatist. He was born, it is sur- 

 mised, at the village the name of 

 which he bore, and was educated at 

 Salamanca University. His first 

 plays were acted in 1492, and two 

 years later, when his Represen- 

 taciones were performed before 

 Ferdinand and Isabella and the 

 court, he was secretary to the duke 

 of Alva. In 1496 his plays, partly 

 autos (q.v.) and partly secular, 

 were published, and shortly after 

 he went to Rome, where he became 

 a priest and received an appoint- 

 ment in the pope's chapel. In 1519 

 he made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, 

 and published an account of it in 

 1521. He was made prior of Leon, 

 and died at Salamanca, 1534. As 

 founder of the secular drama he 

 occupies an important position in 

 Spanish literature, and his contem- 

 porary popularity was such that 

 six editions of his plays were pro- 

 duced between 1496 and 1516. 



Encke, JOHANN FRANZ (1791- 

 1865). German astronomer. Born 

 in Hamburg, Sept. 23, 1791, he 

 studied in Gottingen, and in 1817 

 became director of the Seeberg 

 Observatory near Gotha. In 1825 

 he succeeded to the post of as- 

 tronomer of the Academy of 

 Science, and director of the Berlin 

 Observatory, then in course of 

 election. In 1863 he retired into 

 private life at Spandau, where he 

 died, Aug. 26, 1865. Encke worked 

 out, from the observations of the 

 transits of Venus of 1761 and 176&, 

 the first authentic value of the sun'i 

 parallax ; determined the path of 

 Pons' Comet ; and undertook the 

 observation of another comet, since 

 known as Encke' s Comet. 



ENCLOSURES 



Encke's Comet. On Nov. 26, 

 1818, Pons of Marseilles discovered 

 an inconspicuous comet whose ele- 

 ments Encke calculated with the 

 unexpected result of finding that it 

 revolved about the sun in a period 

 of 3i years (1,208 days). The 

 period is considerably shorter than 

 that of any other known comet. Its 

 outward journey takes it round the 

 planet Jupiter, to whose family it 

 belongs. Its great point of interest 

 is the irregularity of its movements. 

 For some six or seven successive 

 appearances it will appear accord- 

 ing to its time table, then it will 

 suddenly appear before it is ex- 

 pected ; and yet again will resume 

 its normal periodicity. The ir- 

 regularity of its movements has 

 given rise to the speculation that 

 there may be in the solar system 

 some very attenuated resisting 

 medium which retards its move- 

 ments, and so shortens its orbit. 

 See Comet. 



Enclave (Lat. in, in ; clavis, 

 key). Detached part of a country 

 or state entirely surrounded by the 

 territories of another. The name is 

 used by the country owning the 

 surrounding land, the separated 

 tract being an exclave from the 

 point of view of the country 

 possessing it. 



Enclosures. Word which is used 

 specially for common land which is 

 enclosed, i.e. converted by private 

 persons to their own use. This 

 began in England with the decay 

 of the manorial system, when the 

 lords of the manor frequently en- 

 closed common land. From time 

 to time there was an outcry against 

 it, this being specially so in Tudor 

 times. Latimer referred scathingly 

 to enclosures, while Somerset, 

 acting for Edward VI, appointed a 

 commission to inquire into the 

 matter. The law about it during 

 the Middle Ages was contained in 

 the statute of Merton of 1235, which 

 allowed the lords to enclose land, 

 provided that they left sufficient 

 common unenclosed to meet the 

 rights of the commoners. 



About 1700 there was a change. 

 Enclosures continued, but they 

 were done by special Acts of Par- 

 liament, each dealing with a special 

 enclosure, and these distributed the 

 land between the lord of the manor 

 and the various persons who had 

 rights in it. Between 1700 and 1845 

 there were about 4,000 of these Acts, 

 under which about 5,000,000 acres 

 of land were enclosed. In 1801 an 

 Act said that the consent of three- 

 fourths of the freeholders and 

 copyholders of the manor was 

 necessary before land could be en- 

 closed. In 1845 the matter was put 

 in the hands of enclosure com- 

 missioners whose business was to 



