ENCORE 



examine suggested enclosures, and 

 see that some part of the land was 

 set aside for public purposes. About 

 then the movement for the preser- 

 vation of common land began. 

 Suggested enclosures, the case of 

 Epping Forest being the standing 

 example, were prevented, and in 

 1876 an Act virtually put an end 

 to the practice. In Scotland and 

 Ireland the matter never attained 

 the importance it did in England. 

 See Commons ; Manor. 



Encore. Exclamation by lis- 

 teners to music or play, signifying 

 desire for a repetition. The word 

 is a French adverb, meaning again, 

 but is also used as a substantive, 

 an encore ; and as a verb, to en- 

 core. It was employed in Great 

 Britain as early as the beginning of 

 the 18th century. 



Encounter Bay. Inlet of the 

 coast of S. Australia, between Port 

 Elliot on the N. and Jaffa Cape on 

 the S. -It is 90 m. across its entrance 

 and is the last important indenta- 

 tion of the coast before the state 

 of Victoria. Off the N.W. corner of 

 the bay lies Kangaroo Island. 



Encratites (Gr. enkrates, self- 

 controlling ). Ascetic sect of the 2nd 

 century. They taught the essential 

 evil of matter and abstained from 

 flesh, wine, property, and marriage. 

 Encratite doctrines seem to have 

 been first taught systematically by 

 Saturninus early in the 2nd century, 

 although the principle was com- 

 bated already in I Timothy iv, 

 and the sect became organised 

 under the leadership of Tatian. 

 Encratism spread widely in Asia 

 Minor, and the apocryphal Gospel 

 according to the Egyptians fur- 

 nished some of its arguments. In 

 the 4th century they became merged 

 with Gnosticism and Montanism. 



Encrinites. Popular name for 

 the crinoidea (q.v.). 



Encyclical (Gr. enkyldios, circu- 

 lar). Eccles. term for a letter from 

 a Church authority, not addressed 

 to any particular individual or 

 community. Thus the General 

 Epistles of S. Peter and the pro- 

 nouncements of councils which 

 were sent forth to the Church at 

 large were thus named. The term 

 is now used for a communication of 

 the Pope to the bishops generally 

 on some ecclesiastical topic. It 

 differs from a bull, since it does not 

 deal with any special case, but 

 indicates general principles to 

 guide the bishops in dealing with 

 important questions. , 



Encyclopedia, Word derived 

 from the Greek (enkyklios, circular, 

 complete ; paideia, education), 

 which may be translated as the 

 whole circle of knowledge. For 

 many centuries it expressed this 

 idea to scholars trained in the tra- 



2899 



ditions of Rome, but it was not used 

 as the title of a book until the 16th 

 century, some years after the in- 

 vention of printing. Before then, 

 however, many works had been 

 written which may be fairly de- 

 scribed as encyclopedias, for their 

 authors claimed to give information 

 in them about all the interests of 

 the human mind. 



The first of these known encyclo- 

 pedias is the Historia Naturalis of 

 the elder Pliny ; and the Middle 

 Ages saw the production of Ety- 

 mologies by Isidore, bishop of 

 Seville (d. 636) ; and of The Origin 

 of Sciences by the Arab scholar, 

 Alfarabi (d. 950) ; as well as of a 

 number of less notable ones. The 

 most outstanding encyclopedia, 

 however, written in Latin, was by 

 Vincent of Beauvais (d. c. 1264). 

 It was called Speculum Ma jus 

 (Greater Mirror), and is divided 

 into four main parts, dealing with 

 science, theology, history, and 

 morality (the last section being 

 possibly wrongly ascribed to 

 Vincent). 



The material in these encyclo- 

 pedias was arranged according to 

 subjects, not in alphabetical order, 

 but some time after the invention 

 of printing the advantages of the 

 latter arrangement became mani- 

 fest. About the same time, too, 

 it was realized that if encyclo- 

 pedias were to be read they must 

 be written, not in Latin, but in 

 a popular language. However, be- 

 fore these important changes came 

 about J. H. Alsted, in 1620, had 

 produced a Latin work of the 

 old kind, notable because it was 

 the first of any size to be called 

 an encyclopedia. The two in- 

 novations just mentioned were 

 both introduced to the world by a 

 Frenchman, Louis Moreri. His 

 Grand Dictionnaire, 1674, was an 

 encyclopedia in the modern sense, 

 although, like his immediate suc- 

 cessors, he preferred to call it a 

 dictionary. It was very popular, 

 and so was that of Pierre Bayle, 

 which in 1697 appeared as an im- 

 provement on Moreri. 



The first encyclopedia written 

 in English was the Lexicon Techni- 

 cum, 1704, of the Rev. John 

 Harris, though as early as 1398 

 Jo hnTre visa had translated a Latin 

 work of this kind into English. 

 Harris was followed by a much 

 greater name in the history of 

 encyclopedias,Ephraim Chambers, 

 the real originator of the modern 

 work. In 1728 Chambers produced 

 his Cyclopaedia : or Universal 

 Dictionary of Arts and Sciences. 

 A little earlier an Italian, M. V. 

 Coronelli, had begun a more ambi- 

 tious work, but it was never com- 

 pleted. In 1732-54 was published 



ENCYCLOPED1STES 



Zedler's Great Universal Lexicon, 

 a German work ed. by J. A. Frank- 

 enstein and others, but usually 

 known by its publisher's name. 



The effects of Chambers's work 

 were felt in France. It was trans- 

 lated into French, and on it was 

 founded the most celebrated of all 

 encyclopedias, the Encyclopedic, 

 which, edited by Diderot and 

 D'Alenibert, counted Voltaire and 

 Rousseau among its contributors. 

 Neither Chambers's nor the Ency- 

 clopedic included biographies, 

 although Moreri and other earlier 

 writers had done so. 



The British counterpart of the 

 Encyclopedic was the Encyclopae- 

 dia Britannica. The first edition 

 of this, ed. W. Smellie, appeared 

 in three volumes in 1771. From it 

 biography and history were ex- 

 cluded, but both appeared in the 

 second and subsequent editions. 

 Throughout the 19th century 

 further editions of the Britannica 

 appeared, to which the leading 

 scholars of the age contributed. 

 The eleventh edition, issued by 

 the Cambridge University Press, 

 was published in 1910-11. 



Meanwhile, a host of "'other 

 encyclopedias had appeared both 

 in Britain and abroad. In France 

 there was La Grande Encyclopedic, 

 also that of Larousse ; in Germany 

 the Konversations - Lexicon of 

 Brockhaus and that of Meyer; in 

 the U.S.A., the New International ; 

 and many others. Among the Eng- 

 lish works of the kind were The 

 Penny Cyclopaedia of Charles 

 Knight, 1833-43, and the one issued 

 by the Edinburgh firm of Chambers 

 in!859-68,andseveraltimesre vised. 



At the end of the century a 

 gigantic and novel advertising 

 campaign carried on by The Times 

 in order to sell the ninth and tenth 

 editions of the Britannica had an 

 enormous effect in popularising the 

 work and in stimulating a demand 

 for books of this kind. This was 

 seen in 1905-6, when The Amalga- 

 mated Press put upon the market 

 The Harmsworth Encyclopaedia. 

 Sold in sevenpenny fortnightly 

 parts this was an unprecedented 

 success. Recent years have 

 witnessed the output of a host 

 of encyclopedias devoted to a 

 single branch of human know- 

 ledge theology, sport, agriculture 

 and education, for example; but 

 the day of the general encyclopedia 

 is by no means over, as was proved 

 when, in Feb. 1920, The Amalga- 

 mated Press brought out the 

 UNIVERSAL. , A. w. Holland 



Encyclopedistes. Name given 

 to the contributors to the Encyclo- 

 pe*die edited by D'Alembert and 

 Diderot. They were writers of high 

 repute in literature and philosophy, 



