

ENDYMION 



ENERGY 



Endymion. Poetic romance in 

 four books of rhymed couplets by 

 John Keats, first published in 1818. 

 A rhapsodical rendering of the 

 classic story of the beautiful youth 

 who inspired love in Cynthia, it is 

 full of poetic riches, both of lan- 

 guage and thought. Its opening 

 line, " A thing of beauty is a joy 

 for ever," has become one of the 

 most familiar of quotations. 



Endymion. Novel by Benjamin 

 Disraeli, earl of Beaconsfield, first 

 published in 1880. It is a presenta- 

 tion of political and social life in 

 England during the middle of the 

 19th century, opening with the 

 death of Canning and passing 

 lightly through the Reform period. 

 Though the story is slight, the 

 characterisation is brilliant; and 

 the narrative has much of the 

 sparkle and less of the ornateness 

 of Disraeli's earlier novels. Many 

 of the characters were but thinly 

 disguised delineations of actual 

 people of the period, Lord Pal- 

 merston, Lady Jersey, and others. 



Enema (Gr., injection). Fluid 

 preparation for injecting into the 

 rectum. Enemata are used for 

 washing out the rectum in cases of 

 severe or chronic constipation, 

 when they usually consist of soap 

 and water and may amount to one 

 or two pints ; for introducing into 

 the bowel substances such as 

 quassia for the purposes of destroy- 

 ing threadworms ; and for provid- 

 ing nourishment when acute 

 disease of the stomach prevents 

 feeding in the ordinary way, ene- 

 mata for this purpose being small 

 in volume and consisting usually of 

 peptonised milk, raw eggs, and 

 meat extracts. 



Enemy (Lat. inimicus). Gener- 

 ally one who is antagonistic or 

 hostile. In time of war, however, it 

 has a special and narrower meaning 

 referring to the state and its sub- 

 jects with which another state is 

 at war. By the laws of war these 

 are on a very different footing from 

 friends or neutrals. Their persons 

 and property can be seized, and 

 freedom of movement denied to 

 such of them as are on the soil 

 of the country with which they 

 are at war. They become enemy 

 aliens, sharply distinguished from 

 friendly or neutral aliens. See 

 International Law ; War. 



Enemy Trading. Term used 

 generally during the Great War to 

 denote all commercial and econo- 

 mic relations with Germany, Aus- 

 tria, Turkey, and Bulgaria. On 

 Aug. 5, 1914, a royal proclamation 

 was issued relating to trading with 

 the German Empire, and extended 

 to Austria- Hungary, Aug. 12. 

 British firms were not restricted 

 from trading with German or Aus- 



trian firms established in neutral 

 or British territory, but only with 

 those in hostile territory. A pro- 

 clamation of Sept. 9 defined enemy 

 country as the territories of the 

 German Empire and of the dual 

 monarchy of Austria-Hungary, 

 with their colonies and dependen- 

 cies, and prohibited the payment 

 of money to or for the benefit of 

 an enemy. In the same month cer- 

 tain licences were granted per- 

 mitting payments, exchange trans- 

 actions, and payment of fees to 

 obtain the grant or renewal of 

 patents. Later proclamations 

 placed an embargo on the import 

 of enemy-produced sugar (Sept. 

 30), and the entering into new 

 marine, life, fire, or other policy 

 or contract of insurance (Oct. 8). 



In 1915 many additional licences 

 and prohibitions were issued as 

 the treasury licence (Jan. 8) per- 

 mitting transactions by certain 

 Turkish banks with their estab- 

 lishments in France, Cyprus, or 

 Egypt, certain regulations as to 

 property, and so on. The Trading 

 with the Enemy (Extension of 

 Powers) Act of this year applied 

 to certain firms in the U.S.A., and 

 the blacklisting of enemy firms in 

 that country led to an American 

 Note of protest. Statutory black 

 lists were also in existence for 

 Holland, Denmark, Spain, Sweden, 

 and other countries. 



Late in 1916 the business com- 

 munity of London agitated for the 

 closing of alien enemy banks in 

 Great Britain, and a drastic review 

 of certificates of naturalisation 

 granted since 1904. The board of 

 trade appointed a controller in 

 July, 1918, to wind up the busi- 

 nesses carried on in the United 

 Kingdom by the various German 

 banks, of which the Deutsche was 

 the chief, and these were restricted 

 from carrying on business for five 

 years after the end of the war. 

 With the end of the war many 

 prohibitions were withdrawn, and 

 the black lists ceased to operate. 



Energumen (Gr. energoumenos). 

 Greek word meaning one wrought 

 upon by a spirit, usually evil. It 

 was applied to demoniacs in the 

 early days of Christianity. Persons 

 suffering from mental disease were 

 supposed to be inhabited or con- 

 trolled by a demon, who could only 

 be expelled by exorcism. See 

 Demonology. 



Energy (Gr. energeia). Capacity 

 to db work. A weight raised above 

 the earth has the power of doing 

 work as it returns to the earth's 

 surface. A body in motion pos- 

 sesses the power of doing work 

 while losing its motion. The energy 

 of a body is measured by the work 

 it can do while changing to some 



standard state; or, conversely, 

 the work which has to be done on 

 the body to bring it from some 

 standard state to the state in 

 which it is. In the two examples 

 chosen, the work the weight can 

 do before it reaches the ground, or 

 the work the body can do before 

 it comes to rest, can be measured. 

 The energy is evidently of a dif- 

 ferent kind. The weight raised 

 above the ground owes its energy to 

 its position. It has potential energy. 

 The energy of the body is due to 

 its motion. It has kinetic energy. 



The weights of a grandfather 

 clock are given potential energy 

 when they are raised, and as they 

 gradually sink they expend it in 

 keeping the wheels of the clock 

 going, in overcoming friction, and 

 in other ways. The mainspring of 

 a watch haS potential energy, 

 which was imparted to it when the 

 spring was coiled or wound up, 

 and which it expends as the spring 

 uncoils. In the example of the 

 spring the material of the spring 

 or cord is in a state of strain, and 

 it is owing to this strain that the 

 body possesses potential energy. 

 The potential energy conferred by 

 weight, or the attraction due to 

 gravity, is regarded as due to a 

 strain set up in the ether. If a 

 body of mass m is moving with a 

 speed v, its kinetic energy is \ m v 2 . 



Energy, CONSERVATION OF. Po- 

 tential energy and kinetic energy 

 can be changed one into the other, 

 but the total quantity of energy is 

 constant despite the change. When 

 a watch spring runs down, or when 

 a dropped stone comes to rest on 

 the ground, both the kinetic and 

 the potential energy seem to have 

 vanished. But that is not so, be- 

 cause the energy has been con- 

 verted into heat, which is another 

 form of energy. Joule showed 

 early in the 19th century that a 

 given amount of work (or energy) 

 entirely spent in producing heat 

 always produced the same quan- 

 tity of heat. From his experiments 

 it is concluded that in every case 

 without exception the sum total of 

 all the energy within any given 

 boundary through which energy is 

 not allowed to pass remains con- 

 stant, although the energy within 

 the boundary may be transformed 

 into any of the many forms in 

 which it is capable of existing. 

 This is the doctrine or principle of 

 the conservation of energy. Energy 

 is indestructible and uncreatable 

 by man. It exists independently 

 of human senses and human rea- 

 son, though it is known to man 

 solely by their aid. The discovery 

 of the radio-active elements has 

 thrown a new light on this doctrine. 

 See Radium. 



