ENGLAND 



ENGLISH HORN 



parliament vain. His government 

 was necessarily arbitrary, butstrove 

 at least to be as just as the circum- 

 stances permitted, while his vigor- 

 ous Imperial policy, though it 

 helped to raise France to a danger- 

 ous height of power, made England 

 feared on the Continent as she had 

 never been feared before. With 

 Cromwell's death (1658) came 

 chaos. The country was sick of 

 the rule of soldiers and saints, and 

 it was with a practically unanimous 

 satisfaction that Charles II was 

 recalled to the throne (1660). 



The Restoration meant nothing ac 

 all like the triumph of the Stuart 

 conception of monarchy. Half the 

 royalists in the Civil war had been 

 men who had been on the side of 

 the parliament against the king 

 until the parliament of 1641 was 

 dominated by the advanced Puri- 

 tan element. The country intended 

 parliament to be predominant, and, 

 as far as concerned legislation and 

 taxation, the king found that it was 

 neither to be cajoled nor over- 

 ridden. B,ut parliament, rendered 

 by the arbitrary Puritan rule of the 

 Commonwealth intensely hostile 

 to Puritanism, which it smote in a 

 series of enactments much more re- 

 pressive than was at all pleasing to 

 the king, proved no less hostile to 

 Romanism ; to the surprise and dis- 

 appointment of Charles, who had 

 promised himself and his cousin, 

 Louis XIV of France, the restora- 

 tion of a Romanist ascendancy. 

 Charles II and Parliament 



Under the mask of frivolity and 

 dissipation, however, Charles con- 

 cealed an invincible determination 

 to avoid fighting with parliament in 

 deed, but to make himself entirely 

 independent of it by secretly selling 

 himself and the country to the king 

 of France. For 25 years he success- 

 fully deceived statesmen, courtiers, 

 politicians, English and foreign, and 

 the king of Francehimself. On March 

 28, 1681, with Louis XIV's pur- 

 chase money in his pocket, he dis- 

 solved his last parliament at the 

 moment when its leaders imagined 

 that he was fast in their grip. In 

 those 21 years he had built up a 

 standing army sufficient for his 

 purposes. In the next three years 

 he cancelled and renewed the char- 

 ters of the boroughs in such a man- 

 ner that the crown had a practi- 

 cally absolute control over their 

 parliamentary elections. 



Having no legitimate children, 

 he had secured the succession to his 

 Roman Catholic brother James. 

 His death left James II with all 

 the master cards in his hands, had 

 he but known how to play them skil- 

 fully. Fortunately he did not, The 

 loyalty of the country was turned 

 first into uneasiness and then into 



grim hostility. When he alienated 

 ardent royalists and fervent church- 

 men by arbitrarily suspending or 

 overriding the law for the advance- 

 ment of Romanism, men of every 

 party joined in calling to their aid 

 his son-in-law, William of Orange. 

 William landed in Tor Bay on Nov. 

 5, 1688. James took flight, and on 

 Feb. 13, 1689, William and Mary 

 were proclaimed king and queen of 

 England, having accepted the 

 declaration of right which laid down 

 what were to be in future the funda- 

 mental limitations of the power of 

 the crowo. limitations which were 

 put forward as the historic right of 

 the people. Scotland followed suit 

 and the crowns remained united. 

 Development of the Party System 

 The accession of the stadtholder 

 of Holland, the lifelong enemy of 

 Louis XIV, carried England full 

 into the vortex of international 

 politics. The ascendancy of the 

 English navy, long disputed by 

 Holland, and now for a moment 

 challenged by France, was decisive- 

 ly established and was never again 

 lost save for a moment between 

 1779 and 1782. The right of par- 

 liament to fix the course of the 

 succession to the throne was esta- 

 blished ; the state system of finance 

 was reconstructed by the creation 

 of the national debt and the Bank 

 of England. The party system in- 

 augurated by Shaftesbury under 

 Charles II developed steadily. Wil- 

 liam died on March 8, 1702, at the 

 moment when he had organized the 

 Grand Alliance which was plunging 

 England into the War of the 

 Spanish Succession. He was suc- 

 ceeded by Anne, the second daugh- 

 ter of James II, under whom that 

 war was fought out to its issue. 

 But another issue had arisen. Scot- 

 land demanded a permanent union 

 with England upon terms agree- 

 able to herself, threatening in the 

 alternative to name for Scotland 

 another successor to the throne than 

 that of England. On May 1, 1707, 

 the Act of Union came into effect. 

 From that hour the history of Eng- 

 land as a sovereign state is merged 

 in the history of Great Britain. 



A. D. Innes 



Bibliography. Constitutional His- 

 tory of England from Henry VII to 

 Death of George II, H. Hallam, 

 1827, frequently reprinted , History 

 of England from the Accession of 

 James II, T. B. Macaulay, 1849-61 ; 

 Constitutional Hist, of England, W. 

 Stubbs, Lib. ed., 3 vols., 1880; 

 Oxford Manuals of English History, 

 ed. C. W. C. Oman, vols. i-v, 

 1894-98 ; Political Hist, of England, 

 ed. W. Hunt and R. L, Poole, vols. 

 i-ix, 1905-10 ; Hist, of the British 

 Nation, A. D. Innes, 1912; Consti- 

 tutional Hist, of England since 

 Accession of George III, T. Erskine 

 May, ed. F. Holland, 1912; Short 



Hist, of the English People, J. R. 

 Green, brought down to 1914 by 

 A. Stopford Green, 1917; Outline 

 of English History, S. R. Gardiner, 

 new ed. 1919. 



Englefield. Parish and village of 

 Berkshire, England, 5$ m. W.S.W. 

 of Reading. Here Alfred defeated 

 the Danes in 870. Pop. 399. 



Englefield Green is a residential 

 district in Surrey, 1 m. N.W. of 

 Egham at the S. of Cooper's Hill. 

 The cottage on the green was for 

 some years the home of George 

 IVs Perdita (Mrs. Robinson). 



English Bazar OR ANGRAZA- 

 BAD ). Town of Bengal, India, in the 

 Malda district. It stands on the 

 right bank of the Mahananda river, 

 56 m. N. of Murshidabad. The East 

 India Company established a silk 

 factory here, and there were also 

 Dutch and French settlements. The 

 chief trade now is in grain. An 

 embankment prevents the overflow 

 of the Mahananda. Pop. 15,000. 



English Channel (!>. La 

 Manche, the sleeve). Stretch of 

 water separating the S. shore of 

 England from the N. coast of 

 France. It communicates with the 

 North Sea on the E. and the 

 Atlantic Ocean on the W. Its 

 extreme length from the Strait of 

 Dover to a line drawn between 

 Ushant, in France, and Land's 

 End, in Cornwall, is 280 m. Its j 

 width from Dover to Cape Griz 

 Nez is 21 m., from Land's End to 

 Ushant 110 m. Its widest part is 

 between St. Malo and Lyme Regis, 

 a distance of 145 m. Its maximum 

 depth is 70, its average depth 

 30 fathoms. In the Strait of Dover 

 there is a chalk ridge at a depth of 

 12 fathoms. The bed of the chan- 

 nel is composed of coarse gravel. 

 England has a coast line of 392 m.. 

 while the French seaboard is 574 

 m. Many rivers discharge their 

 waters into the Channel, the prin- 

 cipal being the Seine, on the French 

 coast. The chief islands are the 

 Isle of Wight, and the Channel 

 Islands. Fishing is carried on, the 

 principal catches being mackerel i 

 and pilchard. 



English Church Union. As- 

 sociation of clergy and laity of the 

 Church of England. It was founded 

 in 1859 for the defence of the doc- 

 trine and discipline of the Church. 

 It is the leading organization of ; 

 the High Church party, and has 

 frequently defended clergymen 

 charged with illegal doctrine or j 

 ritual. Lord Halifax was president 

 until 1920, when he was suc- 

 ceeded by Sir Robert Newman. Its 

 organ is the Church Union Gazette. 



English Horn. Double -reed 

 wind instrument of the hautboy 

 family, and of tenor pitch. See 

 Cor Anglais. 



