ENGLISH REVIEW 



ENGRAVING 



recognized authority on military 

 affairs. Macau lay is said to have 

 written for it, and some of his 

 Essays were printed and corrected 

 in its office before being sent to The 

 Edinburgh Review. 



English Review, THE. English 

 literary monthly, started in 1908. 

 Austin Harrison was editor in 

 1910-23 The review has made a 

 feature of poetry by Thomas 

 Hardy, John Masefield, and others. 

 In its pages in 1913 Frederic Har- 

 rison and Lord Roberts uttered 

 striking warnings of the coming 

 national peril. Other contributors 

 have included Arnold Bennett, 

 Joseph Conrad, John Galsworthy, 

 R. B. Cunninghame Graham, 

 Maurice Hewlett, Ford Madox 

 Hueffer, Eden Phillpotts, G. Ber- 

 nard Shaw, and Sidney Webb. 



English River. Estuary on the 

 W. side of Delagoa Bay, in Portu- 

 guese E. Africa. It is formed by 

 the union of the rivers Umbelosi 

 and Tembi. 



Englishry. Term used in early 

 English law. Presentment of 

 Englishry was the offering of proof, 

 in cases of violent death, that the 

 person killed was an Englishman, 

 not a Norman, as, if a Norman was 

 killed, the community had to pay 

 a fine. This collective punish- 

 ment was abolished in the time of 

 Edward III. The term was also 

 used by Macaulay and others for 

 the English settlers in Ireland. 



Engrailed. In heraldry, a line 

 of division, or an outline of a 

 charge, of irregular form, showing 

 a series of seiui- 

 circles, with 

 points out- 

 wards. The 

 word, from Fr. 

 grele, hail, liter- 

 ally means cut 

 into points like 

 hailstones. 

 Engrailed in heraldry Engraver 

 Beetle OR BARK BEETLE (Scoly- 

 . tidae). Genus of small cylindrical 

 i beetles, of which there are n inner- 

 | ous species. Most of them burrow 

 | under the bark of trees, where the 

 1 female lays her eggs in a straight 

 ' tunnel, from which the grubs 

 f burrow out at right angles. Most 

 of the species are extremely 

 destructive, causing much damage 

 to the forests of the U.S.A. and 

 Europe. See Beetle. 



Engraving. (I) Art of drawing 

 on metal or wood by means of an 

 incised line; and (2) impression in 

 ink obtained from such drawing on 

 paper or similar substance. In 

 wood engraving the lines to be 

 printed appear in relief, the wood 

 between them being cut away. In 

 the metal process, known as in 

 laglio, the lines are sunk or incised 



Engraving. Example oi stippled engraving on copper of a sketch by G. Morland. 

 Left, the copper piate on which the design was engraved. Right, the impression 



by means of a graver or burin. The 

 latter implement is a steel rod, 

 four or five inches long, of square or 

 lozenge section, with a cutting 

 point and edges obtained by sharp- 

 ening the head in an oblique sec- 

 tion. There are various forms of 

 wooden handle, the commonest one 

 resembling an elongated half pear. 



Plates of several different metals 

 have been used for intaglio engrav- 

 ing : copper, steel, zinc, iron, silver, 

 and even brass and pewter. Copper 

 and steel, however, and especially 

 copper coated with a thin layer of 

 galvanised steel, are by far the most 

 common. Pure copper is softer and 

 easier to work than pure steel, but 

 for the same reason does not wear 

 so well under the press as the 

 harder metal, and so does not throw 

 off as many good impressions. The 

 use of steel plates, though less duc- 

 tile, was developed during the 19th 

 century on account of their greater 

 powers of resistance, until the 

 copper plate covered with galvan- 

 ised steel was substituted for them. 



Wood engraving is real'y wood 

 cutting, and so coes not come with- 

 in the scope of engraving proper. 

 Lithography, which is a form of 

 engraving on stone, is dealt with 



under that title. The lines of an en- 

 graving on metal are often modified 

 by the use of the etching needle, 

 but etching, although a branch of 

 engraving, differs from it in so 

 many respects that it constitutes a 

 separate art. The line of the graver, 

 for example, is obtained by direct 

 pressure upon the metal, whereas 

 the etching needle is used in much 

 the same way as a pencil, the sub- 

 sequent incision being obtained 

 by the " biting " of the acid on 

 the plate. 



There is evidence of the existence 

 of wood-cut playing cards as early 

 as 1440, but the earliest extant in- 

 taglio engraving, a "Flagellation" 

 belonging to a Passion series in the 

 Berlin Museum and attributed to a 

 master in Upper Germany, is dated 

 1446. This disposes of Vasari's 

 story that the invention of the art 

 was due to Maso Finiguerra, the 

 Florentine goldsmith and niellist, 

 in 1460 : there is reason to believe 

 that even in Italy the art was being 

 practised at least as early as 1450. 

 Maso, however, may serve as a 

 starting point for the history of that 

 school of Italian engravers that 

 arose directly out of the niello 

 workers of the 15th century. At 



Engraving. Wood block oi a drawing by Harrison Weir, after Sir E. Landseer. 



Leit, the wood block on which the outlines showing white are raised to catch 



the ink and make the black lines in the finished result shown at the ngbt 



