ENGROSSING 



2938 



ENLISTMENT 



first the taking of impressions 

 from the gold and silver plates en- 

 graved according to the niello 

 method by the goldsmith or silver- 

 smith was, doubtless, for the sake 

 merely of checking his work ; later, 

 as the artistic value of the im- 

 pression itself became evident, the 

 scope of engraving was extended. 



Among famous Italian painters 

 of the 15th century who practised 

 engraving were Antonio Pollaiuolo 

 and Andrea Mantegna (q.v.) ; while 

 Marco Antonio Raimondi, the en- 

 graver of Raphael's pictures, may 

 be claimed as the first of the "repro- 

 ductive " engravers. In Germany 

 an illustrious school of engravers 

 flourished in the late 15th century, 

 including in its ranks Martin Schon- 

 gauer, Albrecht Dvirer, Albrecht 

 Altdorfer, the Behams, and Hein- 

 rich Aldegrever. Line engraving 

 was somewhat later in beginning in 

 France, but Jean Duvet ( 1485-1561) 

 and Jean Cousin (1501-89) were 

 famous 10th century engravers, and 

 the French portrait engravers of 

 the 17th century touched heights 

 that have hardly been equalled 

 since. In Great Britain the great 

 artists of the 18th and early 19th 

 centuries owe much to British 

 " reproductive " engravers, and 

 William Blake's original work in 

 this medium was unique. 



Engrossing (Fr. en gros, in 

 large). Term used by English 

 lawyers for the copying out, in a 

 " fair hand," of any legal docu- 

 ment. A lawyer always makes out 

 a draft of any important docu- 

 ment, and has it engrossed, and the 

 engrossment is executed by the 

 parties concerned. 



Engrossing. Word used in 

 former days in England for what 

 amounts to buying and selling 

 wholesale. In other words the 

 engrosser was a middleman. This 

 was early regarded as an offence 

 against law and custom, for it 

 tended to put up the price, and 

 various statutes declared it illegal, 

 the chief being one of 1552. These 

 were directed mainly against the 

 buying and selling of corn and 

 other foodstuffs wholesale, and 

 the operation of the laws tended to 

 keep these in and around the places 

 where they were grown. As society 

 became more specialised this was 

 very irksome, and even when the 

 laws were in full force licences were 

 issued allowing certain persons 

 to buy and sell wholesale. In 1663 

 an Act permitted engrossing as 

 long as the price of corn did not 

 exceed 48s. a quarter ; and in 1773 

 the earlier statutes against it were 

 repealed, but as an offence against 

 the common law engrossing dis- 

 apneared finally with further Acts 

 in 1844. 



Enham OB KNIGHTS ENHAM. 

 Parish of Hampshire, 2 m. N. of 

 Andover. In 1919 a scheme was 

 started for taking over the Enham 

 estate of 1,027 acres to erect 

 buildings for the treatment and 

 training of disabled soldiers. The 

 treatment covers electric, whirl- 

 pool, and paraffin baths for men 

 with stiff limbs, and psycho- 

 therapeutic methods for neur- 

 asthenic and shell-shock cases. The 

 training embraces agriculture, hor- 

 ticulture, the care of stock, poultry 

 farming, carpentry, furniture and 

 boot-making, tailoring, building, 

 and painting. The British Red 

 Cross Society made a grant of 

 10,000 for the purpose of building 

 and equipping a medical block, 

 the first of its kind to be established 

 in England. Pop. 169. 



Enhanced 

 ( A n g 1 o - F r. 

 enhauncer, to 

 raise). In 

 heraldry, any 

 ordinary borne 

 higher up than 

 its usual posi- 

 tion is said to 

 be enhanced. Enhanced in heraldry 

 See Ordinary. 



Enharmonic (Gr. enarmonikos, 

 fitting in). In music, the interval 

 between, for example, E natural 

 and F flat, or C sharp and D flat. 

 Through the influence of the key- 

 board instruments, with their 

 fixed twelve notes to the octave, 

 the term often loses this meaning 

 and is defined as "a change of 

 name without a change of pitch." 



Enharmonic. Example oi enharmonic 

 change in music 



Enid. Feminine Christian name. 

 Of Celtic origin, it means spotless 

 purity. Enid is a character in the 

 Arthurian legend, being the pure 

 and faithful wife of Geraint. 



Enid. City of Oklahoma, U.S.A., 

 the co. seat of Garfield co. It is 54 

 m. N.W. of Guthrie, and is served 

 by the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa 

 Fe and other rlys. The seat of 

 Phillips University, it contains a 

 colleg3 of fine arts and a free public 

 library. It has foundries, machine 

 shops, flour mills, lumber mills, and 

 boiler works, and trades exten- 

 sively in poultry and the agricul- 

 tural produce of the locality. It 

 dates from 1893, when it was 

 granted its city charter. Pop.21,355. 



Enlarging. Photographic pro- 

 cess of making prints of larger size 



from negatives. The usual process 

 is to project an image of an illu- 

 minated negative by means of a 

 lens upon a sheet of bromide paper 

 (<7-?'.). When the negative is illu- 

 minated by artificial light it is 

 usually necessary to place a con- 

 denser behind the negative to 

 equalise the illumination. The con- 

 denser consists of two plano-convex 

 lenses of diameter a little greater 

 than the diagonal of the negative. 

 The negative image is thus pro- 

 jected and focussed upon an easel 

 as in the use of an optical 

 lantern. The operation with such 

 apparatus is carried out in a dark 

 room, but enlarging boxes and 

 cameras are made for use in full 

 daylight, the bromide paper being 

 then carried in a loose dark slide. 

 See Camera ; Photography. 



Enlistment. Act of the indi- 

 vidual in voluntarily contracting to 

 render military service as a private 

 soldier to the state. Theform of con- 

 tract is the attestation paper, which 

 the recruit, after being accepted 

 and passed medically "fit, is re- 

 quired to sign when taking the 

 oath of allegiance, in the presence 

 of an officer, magistrate, or other 

 public dignitary, who witnesses or 

 attests the signature. The period 

 of service in the British army is 

 laid down in the Army Act and 

 recruiting regulations, and is nor- 

 mal lv 12 years, of which from three 

 to eight is spent with the colours 

 and the remainder in the reserve. 

 Recruits may choose the branch of 

 the service they prefer, and skilled 

 men usually select one of the 

 specialist corps which offer better 

 pay. In the line the recruit may 

 choose any regiment for which he 

 has a preference and which is open 

 to recruiting. He cannot then be 

 transferred to another regiment 

 without his consent. A special 

 branch of the army is detailed for 

 recruiting duties, with an officer in 

 charge of each district. Enlistment 

 is only applicable to voluntary re- 

 cruiting. It enables a professional 

 army of high qualifications to be 

 obtained even in competition with 

 other employers of labour. 



The disadvantage is obvious 

 when, as in the case of the Great 

 War, a greatly increased army is 

 essential, and it is necessary, even 

 after the introduction of compul- 

 sory service, to pay the soldiers at 

 the normal high rate as compared 

 with other countries, who, by a 

 normal system of conscription, 

 obtain practically gratuitous mili- 

 tary service from the male popu- 

 lation. Aliens and negroes may 

 be enlisted in the British army, 

 but cannot be promoted beyond 

 the rank of warrant officer. See 

 Army, British ; Compulsory service. 



