ENTRENCHMENT 



ENVER PASHA 



trenches can be dug. In open war- 

 fare, when the advance is held up 

 by hostile fire, the troops lie down 

 and dig a nar- 

 row, shallow 

 pit in which to 

 lie, throwing 

 the earth to 



i the front to 



| form a para- 

 pet. If re- 



Entrenching tool used in German army. 

 Above, type issued to British troops 



quired, the pit may be deepened 

 to provide cover in a kneeling and 

 then standing position, and if it is 

 finally necessary to hold the po- 

 sition the pits may be linked up to 

 form a trench. The British en- 

 trenching tool is double-ended, and 

 provides both a pick and small 

 spade, the handle being easily de- 

 tachable and carried apart from 

 the head The German tool is 

 merely a small spade to which the 

 handle is a fixture. 



Entrenchment. Military term 

 meaning the employment of exca- 

 vated positions for the protection 

 of troops in attack or defence. This 

 method of warfare appears to have 

 been introduced by the Turks, but 

 was not adopted by the soldiers of 

 Christendom until about the 16th 

 century During the Great War 

 most elaborate trench systems were 

 used, including shelters many feet 

 below the surface which were un- 

 affected during bombardments ex- 

 cept by a direct hit from large 

 calibre explosive shell. Conceal- 

 ment ol trenches from enemy obser- 

 vation is most important, but aerial 

 reconnaissance has rendered this 

 extremely difficult. For a parapet 

 which will resist modern rifle fire 

 at medium range the following 

 depths of various materials are re- 

 quired : shingle, 6 ins. , brickwork, 

 12 ins. ; sand in bags or boxes, 18 

 ins. : loose sand, 30 ins. ; earth, 40 

 ins. See Tactics ; Trench Warfare. 



Entrepot (Lat. inter pos Hits, 

 placed between). French word 

 meaning a bonded warehouse, i.e. 

 a place where imported goods are 

 stored pending the payment of 

 duty thereon. In English usage, 

 however, it has come to mean a 

 seaport or an inland town through 

 which much produce merely passes ; 

 e.g. Singapore, a great port on a 

 small island, is one of the most im- 

 portant of the world's entrepot*. 



Entrepreneur (Fr. entre, be- 

 tween ; prendre, to take). Word 

 used for one who brings capital and 



labour together. Employing them 

 as he thinks best, he pays interest 

 to the one and wages to- the other, 

 keeping any balance of profit for 

 himself. The old theory of econo- 

 mics that the partners in industry 

 were the landowner, the capitalist, 

 and the labourer left out of account 

 the fact that in large undertakings 

 the directing brain often belonged 

 to none of these classes. He was 

 simply one who hired the others, 

 and the word entrepreneur was 

 invented to describe him. The 

 term has never taken any deep 

 hold in England, however, although 

 sometimes used by economists for 

 convenience. See Labour : Political 

 Economy ; Prices. 



Entre Rios (Span., between 

 rivers). Prov. of N.E. Argentina, 

 occupying the angle between the 

 Parana and Uruguay rivers. The 

 surface is low, alternating between 

 swamps and prairies, while in the 

 N. it is heavily forested and fur- 

 nishes wood for building and 

 cabinet-making. Cattle, sheep, and 

 horses are raised by the million, 

 and, together with hides, horns, 

 and other animal products, are 

 exported. Cereals, wine, and alfalfa 

 are grown. It has a healthy climate, 

 and, traversed by several rlys. and 

 waterways, it is one of the most 

 prosperous pro vs. in the republic. 

 The capital is Parana. Area. 

 29,241 sq. m. Pop. 425,373. 



EntreRios. Town ot Brazil, in the 

 state ot Rio de Janeiro. It is about 

 50 m. by rly N. of Rio de Janeiro, 

 in a coffee-producing district. Pop. 

 8,000. There is another Brazilian 

 town of this name in the state of 

 Goyaz, 45 m. N.W. of San Jose. 



Entresol (Fr entre, between , 

 sol, ground). Term used in French 

 architecture for an intermediate 

 storey in a building. Its use is 

 generally confined to a low storey 

 placed between the ground floor 

 and the first floor proper. In this 

 sense it is really a sub-division of 

 a lofty ground storey. 



Entropy (Gr entrope, turning 

 in). An important concept in the 

 theory ot heat engines and the 

 science of thermodynamics. The 

 entropy of a substance is a 

 quantity which increases with any 

 increase in the total heat of the 

 substance and likewise decreases 

 with any decrease in the total heat. 

 The change of entropy is meas- 

 ured by the change in the quantity 

 of heat divided by the absolute 

 temperature at which this change 

 takes place. Thus the entropy ol 

 a system under what are known as 

 adiabatic conditions, where heat 

 neither enters nor leaves the system, 

 is constant. 



Where heat simply flows from * 

 hot body to a cold one, the loss of 



entropy by the hot body is more 

 than made up by the gain of 

 entropy by the cold body, so that 

 there is a net gain of entropy 

 on the whole In a heat engine, 

 heat flows from a hot body to 

 a cold one, but in the process 

 some of the heat disappears, being 

 converted into work. In the case 

 of a theoretical engine of maximum 

 efficiency, there is no change of 

 entropy due to this process, but 

 no actual engine succeeds in con- 

 verting as much of the heat into 

 work as the theoretically perfect 

 engine, and the effect of an actual 

 heat engine is a net gain of entropy. 



As heat is every where flowing from 

 hot bodies to cvjld ones, the entropy 

 of the universe as a whole is con- 

 tinually increasing, and is often 

 said to be tending towards a maxi- 

 mum. In such an imaginary con- 

 dition of maximum entropy, there 

 would be no motion, ail the existent 

 energy of the universe would be 

 converted into heat, and the whole 

 would stagnate at a uniform tem- 

 perature. See Carnot's Cycle ; 

 Energy ; Thermodynamics. 



Enure sis (Gr. en, in : our em, to 

 urinate). Involuntary discharge of 

 the urine. It is most frequently 

 seen in young children who have 

 not acquired normal control over 

 the bladder. It is sometimes due to 

 irritation of the bladder by urine 

 containing uric acid crystals, or 

 may result from irritation set up 

 by a polypus or worms in the rec- 

 tum. Care should be taken not to 

 frighten a nervous child by threats 

 of punishment. 



Envelope. Cover tor a letter. 

 The making of envelopes, one in 

 which female labour is mamlv em- 

 ployed, is connected with the sta- 

 tionery trade. The processes, usually 

 carried out by machinery, are those 

 ot cutting, gumm'^ ", and folding 

 the paper. See Pape< , Stationery. 



Envelope. In geometry, a 

 curve generated by the successive 

 positions of a line* The envelope 

 is a curve to which the line, or 

 family of lines as it is more usually 

 expressed, is always a tangent. A 

 caustic curve (q.v. ) in optics is a 

 ' familiar example of an envelope. 



Envelope. Gas bag ot an air- 

 ship, or, in a rigid airship, the whole 

 body of the vessel within which 

 the gas bags are housed. Gas bags 

 are made of skin or fabric, and the 

 outer envelope of the rigid airship 

 is ot a stouter fabric, rubberised or 

 otherwise treated so as to resist 

 the absorption of moisture and the 

 effects of weather. See Airship. 



Enver Pasha (1882-1922). Tur- 

 kish soldier and politician. Born at 

 Constantinople of humble parent- 

 age, he entered the Turkish army 

 in 1896. He first came into notice 



