ENVIRONMENT 



2943 



EOLITH 



in connexion with the Young Turk 

 movement in 1905 at Salonica, and 

 three years later joined the revo- 

 lutionaries, 

 who in July, 

 1908, captured 

 Monastir, 

 where a consti- 

 tution, accept- 

 ed by the sul- 

 tan Abdul 

 H Hamid, was 

 (reclaimed. 

 Enver Pasha, Enver soon 

 Turkish soldier afterwards 

 was appointed military attache at 

 Berlin, but on the outbreak of the 

 Turkish counter - revolution in 

 March, 1909, he returned to Salo- 

 nica, and assisted in the deposi- 

 tion of Abdul Hamid. 



Enver then went back to Berlin, 

 and in 1910 paid a visit to London. 

 In 1911 he organized the Arabs of 

 Tripoli against the Italians in the 

 Tripoli War. In the second Balkan 

 War he recaptured Adrianople 

 from the Bulgarians in July, 1913. 

 Shortly before he had become 

 minister of war with the rank of a 

 pasha, and married one of the 

 imperial princesses. One of the 

 leading spirits of the Committee of 

 Union and Progress, the central 

 organization of the Young Turks, 

 he was personally pro-German, his 

 influence being one of the factors 

 that brought Turkey into the Great 

 War against the Entente. After 

 the submission of Turkey in 1918 

 Enver fled to the Caucasus. He 

 encouraged the Turks in their re- 

 sistance to the terms of the Peace 

 Treaty in 1920. He was killed in 

 Bokhara, Aug. 4, 1922. 



Environment (Fr. environ, 

 around). Biological term for the 

 sum total of all the conditions, 

 agencies, and influences which 

 affect the development, growth, 

 life and death of an organism, 

 species, or race. Various theories 

 of evolution have maintained; on 

 the one hand, that variations in 

 animals and plants arise so that 

 they may be adapted to environ- 

 ment ; on the other hand, that 

 environment itself produces modi- 

 fication in the living organism. In 

 the absence of adaptation to en- 

 vironment, no organism could live 

 or reproduce itself, and the main 

 object of a living creature must be 

 to become more and more per- 

 fectly adapted to its surroundings. 

 The term is usually understood to 

 refer to physical, chemical, or 

 material agencies. With reference 

 to man it includes, in its widest 

 sense, mental and spiritual agen- 

 cies, so that it may be said that 

 each individual lives in a physical, 

 mental, and spiritual environment. 

 See Evolution. 



Envoy (Fr. envoyer, to send). 

 Term used for one sent on a dip- 

 lomatic errand. It is more general 

 than ambassador, being used for 

 persons who go on temporary mis- 

 sions to foreign courts as well as 

 for more permanent officials. The 

 former are merely described as 

 envoys ; the latter are envoys ex- 

 traordinary, and include ambas- 

 sadors. See Diplomacy. 



Enzeli. Town of Persia, in the 

 prov. of Gilan. It stands on the S. 

 shore of the Caspian Sea, 16 m. 

 N.W. of Resht. A shipping centre, 

 it came into prominence in Aug., 

 1918, in connexion with a British 

 move on Baku (q.v. ). In May, 1920, 

 a small British force stationed 

 here was withdrawn on the arrival 

 of a Bolshevist force from Baku. 



Enzyme (Gr. en, in; zyme, 

 leaven). Substance formed by 

 micro-organisms and living animal 

 and vegetable cells, which trans- 

 forms organic compounds into 

 simpler bodies. The most familiar 

 example of enzyme action is the 

 fermentation of sugar by means of 

 yeast, a minute unicellular organ- 

 ism. The yeast cells contain an 

 enzyme called zymase, which con- 

 verts sugar into alcohol and car- 

 bonic acid gas. The enzyme itself 

 is unchanged in the process, and a 

 very small quantity is therefore 

 capable of causing a large amount 

 of transformation. The process 

 probably resembles the familiar 

 catalytic action of inorganic 

 chemistry. Enzymes play a large 

 part in the digestion of food. 

 Ptyalin, which is secreted by the 

 salivary cells, converts cooked 

 starch into dextrin and maltose ; 

 pepsin, secreted by cells in the 

 stomach, changes protein to pro- 

 teoses and peptones ; and enzymes 

 in the pancreatic juice convert fat 

 into simpler bodies. The souring 

 of milk and the decomposition of 

 meat by bacteria are other in- 

 stances of enzymic changes. 



Eoanthropus (Gr. eos, dawn; 

 anthropos, man). Systematic name 

 of the oldest known European race 

 with distinct head traits. It was 

 given by A. S. Woodward to some 

 fossil bones now in the British 

 Museum, unearthed in 1912 at 

 Piltdown, Sussex. After their dis- 

 coverer, Charles Dawson, the spe- 

 cies is called E. Dawsoni. Other 

 remains were subsequently found. 

 See Man ; Piltdown Skull. 



Eocene (Gr. eos, dawn ; kainos, 

 recent). Name given to the earliest 

 part of the Tertiary period, when 

 stratified rocks, the eocene system, 

 were being formed. It followed 

 the Cretaceous period, the strata of 

 both ages merging gradually in S. 

 Europe, America, and New Zealand. 

 In W. Europe, at the end of the 



Cretaceous period, great geographi- 

 cal changes were in progress ; con- 

 sequently there is a sharp line of 

 demarcation between the two sets 

 of strata. Eocene beds usually rest 

 on eroded surface of chalk. Eocene 

 rocks of W. Europe are usually soft 

 sands and clays, with some limestone 

 and marl ; all were laid down in 

 local basins under marine, brackish, 

 or fresh-water conditions. In S. 

 Europe, Caucasus, Asia Minor, { 

 N. Africa, through Persia towards | 

 China and Japan, great thickness 

 (several thousand feet) of lime- 

 stone developed, made up in places 

 largely of the fossilised shells of 

 large disk-shaped foraminifera 

 (nummulites). Volcanoes were ac- 

 tive in eocene times, old lavas and 

 other forms of rock being found 

 in Antrim, the inner Hebrides, 

 Apennines, and western U.S.A., 

 Tasmania, etc. 



The forerunners of nearly all 

 kinds of animals now living ap-. 

 peared in eocene times. The early 

 ancestors of the horse had then 

 five toes ; small, pig-like, marsh- 

 dwelling animals in Africa repre- 

 sented the original stock from 

 which elephants came. Placental 

 mammals appeared in great num- 

 bers. Crocodiles and toothed birds 

 lived in a sub-tropical estuary 

 where London now stands. Im- 

 portant areas of eocene deposits 

 are known as London, Hampshire, 

 and Paris basins. Various beds in 

 the London basin, in order of suc- 

 cession, are Thanet Sands (at base), 

 Woolwich and Reading Beds, 

 Blackheath Pebble Bed, London 

 Clay, Bagshot Sands ; total thick- 

 ness about 970 ft. Those of the 

 Hampshire basin are much thicker, 

 and slightly different : no Thanet 

 Sands at base, great development 

 of Barton Beds at top, and Brackles- 

 ham and Bournemouth Beds in 

 the middle. 



Eolith (Gr. eos, dawn ; lithos, 

 stone). Stone implement of ruder 

 workmanship than those of the 

 Palaeolithic Age, so called in 1892 by 

 J. Allen Brown. Theoretically the 

 Chellian hand-axe had a long an- 

 tecedent history, back to the 

 time when primeval man, or even 

 his anthropoid precursors, first 

 employed unwrought stones as 

 tools. Many such flints have been 

 found, notably at Ightham, Kent, 

 and in the Ipswich Red Crag, for 

 which human use is claimed. A 

 characteristic hawk-beak form (ros- 

 trocarinate) is regarded by Ray 

 Lankester as ancestral to true 

 palaeoliths. The eolithic stage of 

 industry was traceable in modern 

 savagery among the Tasmanians. 

 See Stone Age ; consult also Pre- 

 Palaeolithic Man, J. P. Moir. 1920 ; 

 also illus. facing p. 458. 



