St. John Ervine, 

 Irish dramatist 



Lena Connell 



ERVILLERS 



Intrusive rocks occur as areas of 

 great extent and irregular shape 

 (batholiths), in spreading sheets 

 forced up from below between 

 other strata (laccoliths and sills), as 

 filling the pipes of old volcanoes 

 (necks), as occupying more or less 

 vertical fissures (dykes), or as 

 branching injections (veins). See 

 Geology ; Rock. 



Ervi'Uers. Village of France, in 

 the dept. of Pas-de-Calais. It is on 

 the Arras-Bapaume road, 6 m. N.of 

 Bapaume. Taken by the Allies in 

 the springof 1917,itwas recaptured 

 by the Germans a year later, and 

 stormed by the British on Aug. 23, 

 1918. See Bapaume, Battle of; 

 Somme, Battles of the. 



Ervine, ST. JOHN GREEK (b. 

 1883). Irish dramatist and novel- 

 ist. He was botn at Belfast, Dec. 

 28, 1883. 

 Notable plays 

 written by 

 him are: 

 Mixed Mar- 

 riage, Dublin, 

 1911; The 

 Magnanimous 

 Lover, D u b- 

 lin, 1912; Jane 

 Clegg, M a n- 

 chester, 1913; 

 and John Fer- 

 guson, Dublin, 1916. In 1915 Er- 

 vine was appointed manager of the 

 Abbey Theatre, Dublin. In 1916 

 he joined the Household Cavalry, 

 and being transferred to the Royal 

 Dublin Fusiliers, went with them 

 to the French front. He has also 

 written novels and volumes of short 

 stories, including Eight O'Clock 

 and Other Studies, 1913 ; Mrs. Mar- 

 tin's Man, 1 9 14; Alice and a Family, 

 1915; Changing Winds, 1917; and 

 The Foolish Lovers, 1920. 



Erymanthus (mod. Olonos). 

 Mountain of Arcadia, ancient 

 Greece. The loftiest peak in the 

 Kalliphonia range, it is associated 

 with the story of Hercules and the 

 Erymanthian boar which haunted 

 this region and was slain by the 

 hero. Alt. 7,296 ft. 



Erysipelas (Gr. erythros, red ; 

 pella. skin). Acute contagious dis- 

 ease due to infection by the micro- 

 organism Streptococcus pyogenes. 

 Infection occurs through some in- 

 jury to the surface of the skin, 

 which may be quite trivial, such as 

 a cut while shaving. It was for- 

 merly believed that the disease 

 could arise without a wound, the 

 so-called " idiopathic " form, but it 

 is now recognized that in every case 

 there is some lesion, however small. 

 The skin rapidly becomes swollen 

 and red, the inflammation advanc- 

 ing with a more or less well-defined 

 margin and dying away behind 

 this. The face is most frequently 



2968 



involved, and the swelling may 

 cause the eyes to close. The tem- 

 perature rises to 103 F. or more, 

 and delirium may occur. 



The duration of the disease is 

 variable, but generally it lasts from 

 one to three weeks. Death in 

 healthy adults is rare, but in aged, 

 debilitated persons and chronic 

 alcoholics the outlook is not so 

 good. Recently delivered women 

 exhibit an increased liability to the 

 disease. Treatment by drugs does 

 not appear markedly to influence 

 it, but some physicians strongly 

 recommend perchloride of iron. 

 Ichthyol has been found to be a 

 useful local application, and bella- 

 donna or opium may be employed 

 to relieve pain. Injections of 

 antistreptococcic serum have been 

 used with success. The patient 

 must be strictly isolated. 



Erythema (Gr. from erythainein, 

 to make red). Redness of the skin 

 owing to dilatation of the small 

 blood-vessels. It is usually associ- 

 ated with swelling or infiltration. 

 The condition may be localised, 

 when it may be due to simple in- 

 flammation, burning, or irritation 

 by chemical substances ; or it may 

 be more or less present over the 

 whole body, when it is usually a 

 symptom of infectious fever, e.g. 

 scarlet fever or measles ; or of 

 poisoning by unsound food or cer- 

 tain drugs, particularly belladonna ; 

 or is a manifestation of disease of 

 the skin. 



Erythrite OR ERYTHROL (Gr. 

 erythros, red). Sweet- tasting sub- 

 stance first prepared by Sten- 

 house in 1848 from several species 

 of lichen such as orchella weed 

 (Roccella tincloria). The lichen 

 is boiled with milk of lime, fil- 

 tered, and precipitated by adding 

 hydrochloric acid ; the precipitate 

 being afterwards purified by crys- 

 tallisation from alcohol. The 

 name erythrite is also applied to 

 the mineral known as cobalt bloom, 

 a hydra ted arsenate of cobalt. 



Erythromelalgia (Gr. erythros, 

 red ; melos, limb ; algos, pain). Rare 

 disease characterised by acute pain 

 in the foot, or less frequently the 

 hand, with purplish-red congestion 

 of the skin and moderate swelling 

 The cause is unknown. 



Matthias Erzberger, 

 German politician 



ERZERUM 



Eryx (mod. Monte San Giu- 

 liano). Mountain of Sicily near 

 Drepanum (Trapani). It was 

 crowned by a famous temple of 

 Aphrodite, who was locally called 

 Erycina. The temple derived its 

 revenue from 17 Sicilian towns be- 

 longing to it. On the W. slope of 

 the mountain is the decayed town 

 of Eryx. Its old Roman walls still 

 exist beside the ruins of the temple. 

 The mountain is 2,465 ft. high. 



Erzberger, MATTHIAS (1875- 

 1921 ). German politician. B. at But- 

 tenhausen, Sept., 1875, and edu- 

 cated at Frei- 

 burg, he de- 

 voted himself 

 to the study 

 of political 

 economy. 

 Earlyinterest- 

 e d in the 

 Christian So- 

 cialist move- 

 ment, in 1897 

 he was a dele- 

 gate at the International Confer- 

 ence at Zurich. He entered the 

 Reichstag, and came into pro- 

 minence when, as a member of the 

 Catholic or Centre Party, he made a 

 speech on July 6, 1917, accusing 

 ministers of misrepresenting the 

 military situation, and at the same 

 time demanding the reform of the 

 Prussian franchise and a statement 

 of the peace aims of Germany. In 

 1918 Erzberger was secretary of 

 state when Prince Max of Baden 

 was imperial chancellor, and in 

 June, 1919, after holding office in 

 Scheidemann's cabinet,he was min- 

 ister of finance and vice-premier. 

 He resigned in Feb., 1920, and was 

 assassinated, Aug. 26, 1921. 



Erzeruxn. Vilayet or province 

 of Armenia. It consists of a high 

 plateau traversed from E. to W. by 

 several lofty chains of mountains, 

 in which are the sources of the 

 Euphrates, the Aras, the Chorok, 

 and other rivers. The capital is 

 Erzerum. Area. 19,180 sq. m. 

 Pop. 645,700. 



Erzerum OR ERZRUM. City of 

 Armenia. Situated in a wide plain, 

 surrounded by mountains, and 

 lying 6.200 ft. above the sea, it is 

 120 m. S.E. of Trebizond, its port, 

 and about 150 m. W. of Mt. Ararat, 



Erzerum. 



The mountain city of Armenia, once a frontier fortress oi the 

 Byzantine Empire. To the right is the medieval citadel 



