ESCALADE 



are important and there is cable 

 communication with Calais. Be- 

 fore the construction of the har- 

 bour it was a small fishing village. 

 Pop. 18,208. 



Escalade (Lat. scala, ladder). 

 Method of attacking fortifications 

 in the Middle Ages. The walls 



2970 



Michigan, 72 m. S. by E. of Mar-^ 

 guette, it is served by the Minne- 

 apolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste. 

 Marie, and other rlys. . A favourite 

 summer resort with a fine harbour/ 

 it exports iron ore and trades in 

 fish, coal, and other commodities. 

 It has various manufactures, fur- 

 niture and lum- 

 ber products 



Escalator. Diagrammatic view of 



an escalator as used on the London 



Electric Railways 



were reached by the use of scaling 

 ladders or by a staircase or ramp of 

 faggots or similar material placed 

 against them. 



Escalator. Moving stairway, 

 consisting of an endless chain of 

 steps running round sheaves at the 

 top and bottom of the staircase. 

 Every step is mounted on two two- 

 wheeled trucks, the forward wheel 

 of a truck being out of line with 

 the rear one, so that they may run 

 on separate rails. On the sloping 

 part of the staircase the rear- 

 wheel rails are set higher than the 

 front-wheel, but gradually reach 

 the same level as the horizontal 

 portions are approached ; the 

 treads are always horizontal. 



The " risers " of the steps are 

 curved to keep close to the treads 

 immediately above them while the 

 steps are moving vertically rela- 

 tively to one another. The stair- 

 chain is driven by an electric 

 motor. An escalator transports 

 more people than a lift in a given 

 time, vertical travel and power 

 consumption being equal in both 

 cases, costs less in attendance, and 

 is generally more convenient to 

 use. At several stations on the 

 London underground railways it 

 has already displaced lifts ; and its 

 use will probably be considerably 

 extended where large numbers of 

 people have to be moved from one 

 level to another. 



Escallonia. Genus of ever- 

 green shrubs of the natural order 

 Saxifragaceae, natives of S. 

 America. The undivided, lea- 

 thery leaves are covered with 

 resinous glands which render 

 them somewhat sticky. The tubu- 

 lar white, pink, or red flowers are 

 disposed in small clusters at the 

 ends of branches. E. rubra and E. 

 macrantha are much grown in the 

 S. of England near the sea as 

 garden hedges. The shrub is named 

 after Escallon, a Spanish traveller. 



Escanaba. City ot Michigan, 

 U.S.A., the co. seat of Delta co. 

 On an arm of Green Bay, Lake 



ESCHEAT 



>Schelde or Scheldt. See Schelde. 



Eschatology (Gr. eschatos, last; 

 logos, discourse). Term used for 

 that branch of theology which deals 

 with death, judgement, the life 

 after death, and the return of 

 Christ to the earth. All ancient 

 religions and some philosophies 

 paid considerable attention to the 

 " doctrine of final things," the 

 teaching of the ancient Egyptians 

 on life after death being especially 

 detailed. The Bible contains little 

 on the subject. The earlier books 

 of the Old Testament appear to 

 for granted that personality 



oemg tne chief, 

 and rly. work- 

 shops. Settled in 1863, it be- 

 came a city twenty years later. 

 Pop. 14,747. 



Escapement. Part of the me- 

 chanism of a clock by which one 

 tooth of a wheel is released or es- 

 capes from the pallet at each swing 

 of the pendulum. 



Escarpment (Fr. escarper, to 

 cut vertically). Steep face or ridge 

 along which a bed or formation ol 

 rock abruptly 

 ends. Escarp- 

 ments are often 

 found where gent- 

 ly tilted beds of 

 hard and soft 

 rocks occur in 

 alternate layers. 

 The diagram 

 shows a simplified 

 section from Gloucester to London. 

 First there are the soft layers of the 

 Severn Valley. This is overlooked 

 by the steep face, or escarpment, of 

 the oolitic limestone of the Cots- 

 wold Hills. These measures gently 

 dip below plains of soft clay, 

 which in turn are dominated 

 by the escarpment of the chalk 

 Chilfcerns. Formerly both the 

 chalk and limestone measures 

 extended farther W. The steep 

 southern face of the N. Downs 

 and the abrupt northern face of 

 the S. Downs 

 are also escarp- 

 ments. Escarp- 

 ments are also 

 found in 

 plateau regions, 

 where they are 

 usually pro- 

 duced by the 

 fracturing and 

 tilting of crus- 

 tal blocks. 

 See Rocks. 



E s c a u t . 

 French name 



of the river 



Escallonia. Foliage i i 



and flower of 8- genera 1 1 y 

 callonia macrantha known as the 



will survive death, and gradually 

 unfold the idea of rewards and 

 punishments after death. The 

 teaching of Christ and His apostles 

 emphasised these truths, but added 

 little to our knowledge. Such 

 passages as the parable of the rich 



Escarpment. Sectional diagram illustrating formation 

 of escarpments E E. 1. Soft layers of lower Severn Valley. 

 2. Oolitic limestone of Cotswold Hills. 3. Soft layers of 

 middle Thames basin. 4. Chalk beds of Chiltern Hills. 

 5. Soft layers of London basin 



man and Lazarus and the descrip- 

 tions in the book of Revelation are 

 couched in the language of Orien- 

 tal imagery, and were not intended 

 to be taken literally. 



The general teaching of the 

 Christian Church on the subject 

 has been marked by great reserve, 

 with the exception of the Church 

 of Rome in the Middle Ages, when 

 the doctrine of purgatory was 

 developed in detail. The present 

 attitude of theologians is one of 

 opposition to speculation on the 

 subject. See Immortality ; Survival. 



Escheat (Lat. excidere, to fall 

 out). Term used in law for the 

 reversion of land to its ultimate 

 owner because there is no other 

 heir. It is a relic of feudal times 

 when land was granted by the king 

 or other lord on the condition that 

 in certain contingencies it escheated 

 or came back to him. Land also 

 escheated when the holder was 

 attainted, the theory being that his 

 blood being thus corrupt, his heirs 

 could not inherit. This, however, 

 was abolished in England in 1870. 

 The majority of escheats fell to the 

 crown. Escheat through failure 

 of heirs was recognized by both 



