ESHOWE 



Castle. Esher took a great interest 

 in the Territorial Force. He was 

 on the committee of imperial de- 

 fence, and in 1904 was chairman of 

 the committee appointed to inquire 

 into the constitution of the war 

 office. He wrote To-day and To- 

 morrow and Other Essays, 1910 ; 

 and, with A. C. Benson, edited the 

 Letters of Queen Victoria, 1907. 



Eshowe. Town of Zululand, 

 Natal. It is 30 m. S. S. E. of Ulun d i , 

 and there are asbestos mines in the 

 neighbourhood. It was besieged 

 for a time by the Zulus during the 

 Zulu War of 1879. Pop. 1,523. 



Esk. River of Great Britain 

 Formed by the confluence of the 

 Black Esk and White Esk, which 

 meet in Eskdalemuir, it flows for 

 35 m. through Dumfriesshire and 

 Cumberland to the Solway Firth, 

 about 5 m. below Longtown. 



Esk. River of Midlothian, Scot- 

 land. It is formed by the junction 

 of the N. Esk and S. Esk in Dal- 

 keith Park, flowing thence 3 m. N. 

 to theFirthof Forth at Musselburgh. 



Esk, NORTH. River of Kincar- 

 dineshire and Forfarshire, Scot- 

 land. It is formed by the junction 

 of the Lee and Mark, which unite 

 at Invermark, and flows S.W. for 

 29 m. to the North Sea, 4 m. 

 N.N.E. of Montrose. 



Esk, SOUTH. River of Forfar- 

 shire, Scotland. It rises in the Gram- 

 pian Mts. and flows 49 m. S.E. and 

 E. to the North Sea at Montrose. 



Esker (Irish eskar). Long, wind- 

 ing ridge of coarse gravel and sand. 

 Formed by torrents of water re- 

 leased from glaciers, eskers are 

 situated in areas formerly occupied 

 by ice-sheets. 



Eski-Djumaia, -JUMA OR -JuM- 

 AYA. Town of Bulgaria. It is situ- 

 ated on the rly. from Sofia to 

 Varna, about 16 m. W. of Shumla, 

 Pop. 10,000. 



Eskilstuna. Town of Sweden, 

 in the prov. of Sodermanland. It 

 stands on the Hjelmar river, be- 

 tween the Malar and Hjelmar lakes, 

 60 m. W. of Stockholm. Known as 

 the Sheffield of Sweden, it has iron- 

 foundries, steel works, a royal 

 arms factory, and a technical 

 school. It is celebrated for its cut- 

 lery and damascened work. Named 

 after S. Eskil (d. 1181), the English 

 apostle in Sodermanland, its 12th 

 century monastery was destroyed 

 by fire in 1680. Pop. 28,485. 



Eskimo (Abenaki, raw flesh- 

 eater). Primitive race inhabiting 

 arctic America. Numbering (1911) 

 about 12,500, Greenland; 14,000, 

 Alaska; (1915) l,099,Siberiancoast; 

 and 3,447, Canada, their geographi- 

 cal range of 5,000 m. is the widest 

 of any aboriginal race in the world. 

 The Danish form Eskimo has dis- 

 placed the French Esquimaux. The 



2973 



Hudson Bay "husky," used of man 

 and dog, is a colloquial variant. The 

 native name is 

 Innuit (men). 

 Long - headed, 

 broad -faced, 

 lank-haired, 

 and of a yel- 

 lowish brown 

 colour, an ori- 

 gin in prehis- 

 toric Europe 

 is suggested. 

 Thus, besides 

 theirseal-food, 

 they still hunt 

 musk-ox and 

 reindeer. Their 

 bone arrow- 

 heads, h a r- 

 poons, shaft - 

 straighteners, 

 and o rna- 

 Eskimomanin ments, their 

 bunting dress gtone lampg 



and ivory engravings almost 

 reaching picture-writing support 

 this view, which, however, has 

 recently been contested in favour 

 of relationships more definitely 

 mongoloid. That they crossed by 

 the Bering Strait is undisputed, so 

 that a pre-American habitat in N. 

 Siberia is a reasonable inference. 

 The claim that they extended at 

 one time to the Scandinavian, 

 and even to the N. coasts of 

 Britain, is less fully established. 

 Their one-man skin canoes (kayak), 

 transport boats (umiak), summer 

 tents of skin, winter huts of turfed 

 stone, migrant snow-houses (igloo), 

 harpoon floats, dog sledges, cairn- 

 burials, all betoken an intelligent 

 adaptation to adverse conditions. 



The language-stock, with its 

 many dialects, attests a long ances- 

 try, anterior to their American ad- 

 vent. Their animism embraces a 

 crude magic, governed by medi- 

 cine-men (angakok), akin to Af- 

 rican witch-doctors rather than 

 Siberian shamans. Their communal 

 life recognizes no national chiefs ; 

 tribal warfare is unknown. Their 

 ample folklore points to a belief of 

 some tribes in a woman of the sea, 

 perhaps Scandinavian, of others in 

 a moon-god. The Aleuts of the 

 Aleutian Islands are a self-con- 

 tained branch of the race, exhibit- 

 ing traces of Asiatic rather than 

 American Indian contact. A tribe 

 of blond Eskimo was discovered 

 by Stefansson during his 1909-11 

 expedition on Coronation Bluff, far 

 in the Arctic Zone. See Aborigines ; 

 Ethnology; also illus. p. 561. 



Bibliography. The Central Eski- 

 mo, F. Boas, 1888 (Smithsonian In- 

 stitution : Bureau of Ethnology) ; 

 The People of the Polar North, K. 

 Rasmussen, compiled from the Dan- 

 ish by G. Herring, 1908 ; The Lab- 

 rador Eskimo, E. W. Hawkes, 1916. 



ESLAVA 



Eskimo Dog. Breed of dogs 

 kept by the Eskimos of Arctic 

 America. They are little more 

 than domesticated wolves of the 

 district. The practice of crossing 

 the females with wild wolves 

 tends to check those modifications 

 which domestication produces. 



The Eskimo dog has a sharp 

 muzzle, upright ears, rough coat, 

 and a bushy tail. Though usually 

 of the colour of the wolf, black- 

 and-white specimens are not un- 

 common. Like the wolf, it does 

 not bark, but howls. The dogs are 

 fed on frozen fish, but in spring 

 often find birds and eggs. Their 

 usual drink is snow. They are 

 employed for sledge drawing, 

 about eight beVng usually yoked 



Eskimo Dog. Specimen of the 

 breed, closely akin to the wolf 



together. When the going is good 

 a dog will draw on an average over 

 300 Ib. for 35 m. in a day. See 

 illus. facing p. 2624. 



Eski-Sagra. Alternative name 

 for the Bulgarian town better 

 known as Stara-Zagora (q.v.). 



Eski Shehr (Turk., old city). 

 Town of Asia Minor, the ancient 

 Dorylaeum. This important town, 

 with its rich deposits of meers- 

 chaum and considerable trade in 

 pipes of that material, stands on 

 the Pursak Su. It is the junction 

 at which the main rly. from the 

 Bosporus divides into two, one 

 branch going E. to Angora and the 

 other S.W. to connect on the W. 

 with the Smyrna rly., and on the 

 E. with the Bagdad rly. Pop. 

 20,000. See illus. p. 683. 



Esla. River of Spain. It rises 

 on the S. slopes of the mts. of As- 

 turias, in the N. part of the prov. of 

 Leon, and flows a generally S.W. 

 course to discharge its waters into 

 the Douro, 16 m. below Zamora. 

 It has a length of 120 m. 



Eslava, MIGUEL HILAEION (1807- 

 78). Spanish music composer. 

 Born near Pampeluna, Oct. 21, 

 1807, he became master of the 

 choir in Ossuna cathedral in 1828. 

 He moved to Seville in 1832, and 

 was appointed maestro at the 

 cathedral, and to a similar posi- 

 tion at the court of Isabella in 

 1844. He died at Madrid, July 23, 



