ESMARCH 



1878. He wrote three operas, 

 El Solitario, 1841 ; Las Treguas 

 de Tolemaida, 1842; Pedro el 

 cruel, 1843; and about 150 

 masses and other pieces of eccle- 

 siastical music. 



Esmarch, JOHANNES FRIED- 

 RICH AUGUST VON (1823-1908). 

 German surgeon. Born Jan. 9, 

 1823, at Tonning, Slesvig-Hol- 

 stein, he studied at Kiel and Got- 



tion for her mother. This vivid 

 and fascinating story is a masterly 

 presentation of early 18th century 

 life and manners; the illusion as 

 to its having been written by a 

 man of the very time with which 

 it deals is complete. 



Esmond, HENRY VERNON (1869- 

 1922). Stage and pen name of 

 Henry Vernon Jack, British drama- 

 tist and actor. He was born at 



tingen, served in the wars of 1848 Hampton Court, Nov. 3, 1869, 

 and 1864, and, in the Franco- 

 Prussian war, 1870-71, was sur- 

 geon-general to the army. After- 

 wards he specialised in hospital 

 management and military surgery. 

 He invented an indiarubber band- 

 age for field work and temporary 

 dressing. Of his many works three 

 have been translated into English. 



Esmeraldas. Maritime dept. 

 of N.W. Ecuador, S. of Colum- 

 bia, S. America. The surface is 

 broken and hilly, but there are the 

 open pasture valleys of the Es- 

 meraldas, Cayapas, and other 

 rivers. The hills are heavily 

 forested, yielding many kinds of 

 timber. Although the mineral re- 

 sources have not been largely ex- 

 ploited, gold and platinum are 

 found. Area, 7,430 sq. m. Pop. 

 14,600. Esmeraldas, the capital, 

 is a Pacific port at the mouth of 

 the Esmeraldas, 96 m. N.W. of 

 Quito. It manufactures tobacco 

 and exports rubber, cacao, sugar, 

 fruit, and cattle. Pop. 3,020. 



Esmond. Novel by Thackeray 

 published in 1852, the full title 

 being The History of Henry Es- 



Egypt. 

 the Nile, 



Esmond being knighted by Beatrix. From a painting 

 of a scene in Thackeray's novel, by Augustus L. Egg 



Talc Gallery 



mond, a colonel in the Service of 

 Her Majesty Queen Anne, Written 



was educated privately, and went 

 on the stage hi 1885. He was 

 the author of many plays, some of 

 which enjoyed considerable popu- 

 larity. They include Bogey, 1895 ; 

 The Divided Way, 1895; One 

 Summer's Day, 1897 ; Grierson's 

 Way, 1899 ; The Wilderness, 1901 ; 

 The Sentimentalist, 1901 ; My Lady 

 Virtue, 1902 ; 

 Under the 

 Greenw o o d 

 Tree, 1907 ; A 

 Young Man's 

 Fancy, 1912 ; 

 Eliza Comes 

 to Stay, 1913 

 (previously 



Henry V. Esmond, called Sandy 

 British dramatist and His Eliza); 

 The Dangerous Age, V 7 audeville, 

 1914 (previously called The Dear 

 Fool). He died April 17, 1922. 

 Esneh OR ESNA. Town of 

 It is on the W. bank of 

 36 m. by rly. from Luxor. 

 It is identical with the Tesnet 

 of ancient Egypt, but was called 

 Latopolis by the Greeks, after 

 the locally venerated latos fish. 

 The chief object 

 of interest is the 

 temple of Khnum, 

 which was em- 

 bellished by 

 Roman emperors 

 from Titus to 

 Decius (251). A 

 subterranean Cop- 

 tic church was 

 identified here hi 

 1895. The bar- 

 rage at Esneh 

 ensures adequate 

 irrigation for a 

 large tract of 

 land. 



Espagnols-sur- 

 Mer (Fr., Span- 

 iards on the sea). 

 Name given to a 

 sea fight that took place off Win- 

 chelsea between the English and 



by Himself. The hero, true heir to the Castilians, Aug. 29, 1350. The 



the Viscount Castlewood, though two peoples were not actually at 



he magnanimously destroys the war, but the Castilians had helped 



evidence of his right, tells his own the French in the war then raging, 



story from boyhood and as soldier Moreover, acts of piracy had been 



through the campaigns of Marl- committed on both sides, 

 borough, and so to the end when The sequel was an attack on 



his adoration of the lofty Beatrix a Castilian fleet of armed mer- 



lias changed into devoted affec- chantmen as it was returning from 



ESPARTERO 



the Netherlandsto Spain. Under the 

 command of Edward III the Eng- 

 lish fleet was assembled atWinchel- 

 sea, and there the Castilians, nothing 

 loth, joined battle with them. This 

 was rather an encounter of ssldiers 

 than of sailors. Crossbowmen on the 

 Castilian ships did much execution, 

 and lying side by side, the crews 

 of each fought hand to hand. In 

 Cog Thomas, King Edward and his 

 nobles took a gallant part, and this 

 ship was sunk just as the royal 

 party had boarded an enemy vessel. 

 Forty or fifty ships were engaged on 

 either side, the Castilians being the 

 larger. Night, rather than a de- 

 cision, put an end to the combat, 

 which is described by Froissart. 



Espalier (Fr. ). Shape or form 

 of fruit-tree which has been 

 trained from its earliest or budded 

 stage. An espalier consists of a 

 main root stem, the original stock, 

 from which fruit branches in tiers 

 extend horizontally right and left, 

 one above another. During the 

 year after budding, when the side- 

 shoots make their appearance, all 

 should be removed except three, 

 which should be grouped close 

 together. One of these shoots is 

 trained upwards to form a con- 

 tinuation of the main stem, and 

 the remaining couple are coaxed 

 by sticks and strings to grow right 

 and left, parallel with the surface of 

 the ground. When the main 

 stem produces three more buds 

 suitably situated, the process is 

 repeated at a distance of about one 

 foot above the original tier. The 

 word seems to have originally de- 

 noted the trellis-work on which the 

 trees were trained. See illus. p. 497. 

 Espartero, BALDOMERO (1792- 

 1879). Spanish soldier and states- 

 man. Born Feb. 27, 1792, at Gran- 

 atula, Ciudad 

 Real, of hum- 

 ble parentage, 

 he f ough t 

 against Napo- 

 leon in Spain, 

 and afterwards 

 against the re- 

 belsin S.Amer- 

 ica. Again in 



B. Espartero, Spain, he ob- 

 Spanish soldier tained several 

 successes against the Carlists, and 

 in 1839 concluded the treaty of 

 Vergara, which ended the war. 

 Turning to politics, he became 

 prime minister, and from 1841-43 

 was regent, but in the latter year 

 he fell from power and passed the 

 next few years as an exile in Eng- 

 land. Pardoned, he returned to 

 Spain in 1848, and from 1854-56 

 was again premier. In 1868 he was 

 put forward as a candidate for the 

 throne, and later was made prince 

 of Vergara. He died Jan. 9, 1879. 



