ESP1RITO SANTO 



Such an act is not criminal ; and in 

 time of peace no question of espion- 

 age in a military sense can arise. 

 Yet to the popular mind the term 

 spying would seem appropriate. 

 Even in war time, it is difficult to 

 define the offence committed by a 

 Swiss concern which, in 1915, in- 

 vited 10,000 French families to send 

 the address of a French soldier to 

 whom a present of tobacco would 

 be acceptable. The addresses thus 

 obtained were forwarded to Ger- 

 many as an indication of the where- 

 abouts of French units. Carl Lody, 

 a German ex-officer, was discovered 

 during hostilities to be collecting 

 information about the British navy 

 and sending it to Germany. He was 

 tried by court-martial for war 

 treason and shot. As he was avow- 

 edly serving his country outside the 

 war zone, he became a war criminal 

 under British law ; similar action 

 within the zone of operations would 

 have involved espionage, according 

 to the Hague Rules. 



It may be concluded, then, that 

 almost any act done in the interests 

 of the enemy after war has been de- 

 clared, by whomsoever committed, 

 is a war crime, but whether it is to 

 be classed as espionage or war 

 treason depends upon the circum- 

 stances. See Secret Service ; Spy. 



Espirito Santo. Maritime state 

 of S.E. Brazil. It is bounded N. by 

 Bahia, W. by Minas Geraes, E. by 

 the Atlantic, and S. by Rio de Jan- 

 eiro. Hilly in the interior and on 

 the W., where runs the Serra dos 

 Aim ores and the Serra do Mar, 

 elsewhere it is level, and in parts 

 marshy. Well watered by the Rio 

 Doce and its tributaries, it pro- 

 duces coffee, sugar, cocoa, tobacco, 

 rice, and salt ; its forests yield 

 valuable timber and drugs. The 

 Parahyba do Sul flows along the 

 S. boundary. The mining resources 

 of this region are not yet tapped, 

 but deposits of iron ore are known 

 to exist. Three rlys. serve the state. 

 Education is backward. The capital 

 is Victoria, on the bay of Espirito 

 Santo. Area, 17,308 sq. m. Pop. 

 434,512. 



Espiritu Santo. Largest and 

 westernmost of the New Hebrides, 

 Pacific Ocean, in lat. 15 S., long. 

 167 E. It is 65 m. long by 20 m. 

 wide, and mountainous, attaining 

 an altitude of over 5,000 ft. Maize, 

 coconuts, millet, coffee, and ban- 

 anas are grown. Trade is mostly 

 with Sydney. Area, 1,850 sq. m. 

 Pop. 20,000. 



Esprit des Lois , DE iA Title of 

 a great work by Montesquieu. It is 

 divided into 31 books, each of which 

 contains a number of short chap- 

 ters, some only a few lines in length, 

 and made a big quarto volume. 

 Published anonymously at Geneva 



in 1748, it has been many times re- 

 printed. It is a comprehensive sur- 

 vey of the nature of laws and 

 government " almost unique in its 

 entire freedom at once from doo- 

 trinairism, from visionary enthu- 

 siasm, from egotism, and from an 

 und^ie spirit of system." Its con- 

 tents may be expressed by its sub- 

 title, " the relation which laws 

 should have to 

 the constitution 

 of every govern- 

 ment, to manners, 

 climate, religion, 

 commerce, etc." 



Espronceda, .. 

 Josfi DE (1810- 

 42). Spanish 

 poet. Born near 

 Almen d r a 1 e j o, 

 Estremadura, he 

 was educated at 

 the college of S. 

 Matthew, Madrid, 

 and before the 

 age of 15 was im- 

 prisoned as a 

 member of a revolutionary secret 

 society. On returning to the 

 capital he found himself suspect, 

 and after a further spell of incar- 

 ceration escaped to England. In 

 London he studied Shakespeare, 

 Milton, and Byron (by whom he 

 was most markedly influenced), 

 and while there wrote his fine ode 

 A la Patria (1829). In 1830 he 

 was in Paris, fighting in the brief 

 revolution there. On the amnesty 

 after the death of Ferdinand, 1833, 

 he returned to Spain and entered 

 the queen's bodyguard, but was 

 cashiered for writing a political 

 song. Journalism, novel-writing, 

 and various revolutionary move- 

 ments occupied him for a few years, 

 and in 1841 he became secretary of 

 the embassy at the Hague. In 1842 

 he returned to take his seat in the 

 Cortes as deputy for Almeria. He 

 died May 23, 1842. 



Showing early gifts as a poet, he 

 gained a leading position among 

 19th century Spanish writers, and 

 his influence on his successors was 

 marked. His best work was of a 

 lyrical and self -revealing charac- 

 ter, as is seen in the Don Juan-like 

 narrative, The Student of Sala- 

 manca, and the Faust-like The 

 Devil- World. See Spain: Litera- 

 ture ; consult also Modern Poets 

 and Poetry of Spain, J. Kennedy, 

 1852; Hist, of Spanish Literature, 

 J. Fitzmaurice-Kelly, 1898. 



Esquiline Hill (Mons Esqui- 

 linus). The highest of the " seven 

 hills " on and around which ancient 

 Rome was built. Lying between 

 the Caelian and the Viminal, in the 

 oiiginal city it was regarded as in- 

 cluding the Oppian, Cispian, and 

 Fagutal. On the EsquUine were 



ESSAD 



the Colosseum (q.v. ), erected on the 

 site of the Golden House of Nero, 

 and the thermae, or warm baths, of 

 Titus and Trajan. See Rome. 



Esquimau. Port of British 

 Columbia, Canada. It is on Van- 

 couver Island. 3 m. from Victoria. 

 It has a magnificent harbour and 

 is the Pacific coast headquarters 

 of the Canadian navy, for which 



Esquimau, British Columbia. View of the harbour, 

 one of the safest and best defended on the Pacific coast 



there is a dockyard and other 

 naval establishments. The town is 

 served by the C.N.R. and C.P.R. 

 The industries include shipbuilding 

 and oyster culture. Pop. 4,700. 



Esquire (old Fr. escuyer, shield- 

 bearer). Title of honour. The 

 word, originally denoting one who 

 bore the shield for a knight, be- 

 came a title of honour below the 

 rank of knight. Among those 

 legally esquires are sons of peers, 

 the eldest sons of baronets and 

 knights, justices of the peace, and 

 barristers. 



Essad, AHMET, PASHA (1863- 

 1920). Albanian soldier and poli- 

 tician. Descended from the Top- 

 tan i family, 

 hereditary 

 claimants t o 

 the Albanian 

 kingship, Es- 

 sad first en- 

 t e r e d the 

 Al banian 

 army. He 

 served in 

 Macedon is- 

 and Albania 



on the side of Turkey, and was re- 

 warded for services against Greece, 

 1897, with the title of pasha. The 

 assassin of Essad's brother, hired 

 by Abdul Ham id, was slain by 

 Essad in Constantinople, but soon 

 after the sultan made him com- 

 mander of gendarmerie at Janina. 



In 1908 Essad headed the depu- 

 tation which announced to Abdul 

 his deposition, and in the Balkan 

 war of 1912 heroically defended 

 Scutari against the Greeks. During 

 the short reign of Prince William 

 of Wied as mpret, Essad was 

 the real ruler of Albania and 



Essad Pasha, 

 Albanian soldier 



