ESSEG 



2978 



ESSENES 



with delightful fancy and rich in 

 humour and tenderness, reveal 

 much of the life and character of 

 the author. They not only include 

 the best of Lamb's work, but stand 

 alone and unchallenged as the su- 

 preme collection of familiar essays 

 in the English language. Pron. 

 Ellia. See Lamb, Charles. 



Esseg. Variant spelling for the 

 name of the former Hungarian 

 town better known as Esz6k (q.v-)> 

 Essen. Town of Germany. In 

 the Prussian Rhine province, it is 

 20 m. N.E. of Diisseldorf. Situated 



. ( near the vast iron 



"""" and coal deposits 

 of Westphalia, it 

 was here that the 

 Krupp works were 

 established, and 

 to them the town 

 owes its growth, 

 the population 

 having increased 



Essen arms 



from 9,000 in 1850 to 295,000 in 

 1910. It is also an important rail- 

 way centre, and has manufactures 

 of machinery and other iron goods, 

 tobacco, etc. 



Although so modern in most re- 

 spects, Essen is an old place. It 

 grew up around a Benedictine nun- 

 nery, and has a notable church, the 

 minster, dating in the main part 

 from the 10th century ; it was re- 

 stored in the 19th. The town was 

 ruled by the abbess, a princess of 

 the empire, who retained her pow- 

 ers until 1803. In 1814 it became 

 part of Prussia. In addition to the 

 minster, which is noteworthy both 

 on account of its design and its 

 decorations, there are several 

 modern churches. Other buildings 

 include a fine town hall, rebuilt 

 in the old style, 1899, the large 

 railway station, theatre, etc. There 

 are several technical schools and 

 hospitals ; also parks and other 

 amenities. Essen, together with 

 neighbouring towns, was occupied 

 by the French in Jan., 1923, in their 

 seizure of the Ruhr district, and 

 the Krupp directors imprisoned. 

 See Krupp Works ; Ruhr. 



Essen, HANS HBKRIK, COUNT 

 (1755-1824). Swedish soldier and 

 statesman. Born in West Gothland, 

 Sept. 26, 1755, and educated at 

 Upsala, he entered the army. He 

 became a favourite of Gustavus 

 III, whom he accompanied in the 

 war against Russia, 1788-90, and 

 whose assassination he witnessed 

 in 1792. In 1795 he was appointed 

 governor of Stockholm. From 1800 

 to 1807 he was governor-general of 

 Pomerania and distinguished him- 

 self by a stubborn defence of Stral- 

 sund against the French. In 1810 

 he negotiated a peace with France 

 by which Pomeiania was restored 

 to Sweden, and in 1811 was pro- 



Admiral von Essen, 

 Russian sailor 



moted field-marshal. In 1813 he 

 commanded the successful expe- 

 dition against Norway, and was 

 governor there, 1814-16. He died 

 at Uddewalla, June 28, 1824. 



Essen, ADMIRAL VON (1860- 

 1915). Russian sailor. He com- 

 manded the Vladivostock fleet in 

 the Russo - 

 Japanese War, 

 and took a 

 prominent 

 part in the re- 

 organization of 

 the Russian 

 navy. Com- 

 mander of the 

 Russian Baltic 

 fleet in Aug., 

 1914, he 

 brought his fleet out from Libau 

 by a daring manoeuvre. He dis- 

 guised several of his ships as Ger- 

 man, and, engaging the German 

 fleet in the Gulf of Finland, Aug. 27, 

 destroyed the German cruiser 

 Magdeburg and damaged another. 

 He died at Reval, May 20, 1915. 



Essence (Lat. esse, to be). The 

 sum of the permanent, constitutive 

 qualities which make an existing 

 thing what it is. The name quint- 

 essence (fifth essence) was given by 

 Aristotle to ether, the other four 

 being fire, water, earth, air. Es- 

 sence is now used to denote the 

 best and purest part of anything. 

 As a theological term, essence or 

 substance (ousia) is used of that 

 which is common to the three 

 Persons of the Trinity, in contrast 

 with Tiypostasis (person), which 

 refers to the special characteristics 

 of each Person. 



Essence. Strong flavouring 

 used in puddings, cakes, and 



rennet is made from the stomach 

 of the calf, which poured into milk 

 produces curds. Beef essence or 

 extract is used in the making of 

 gravies, and also as a nourishing 

 food for invalids 



Essendon. Parish and village of 

 Hertfordshire, England. It stands 

 on the Lea, 3 m. E. of Hatfield. 

 During the Great War it was 

 bombed by German aircraft. 

 Pop. 601. 



Essendon. Town of Victoria, 

 Australia, in Bourke co. It forms 

 a suburb of Melbourne, from which 

 it is 5 m. distant. Pop. 23,749. 



Essenes. Ancient Jewish sect. 

 It sought to combine the ascetic 

 practices of the Jewish religion 

 with various Oriental tenets and 

 rites. Probably an offshoot of the 

 older sect of the Chasidim or Assi- 

 deans, it would appear to have 

 originated in the days of the Mac- 

 cabees (2nd century B.C.). The 

 Essenes believed in one God and in 

 eternal predestination. While 

 maintaining the immortality of the 

 soul, they denied the resurrection 

 of the body ; and they held a Greek 

 view of future rewards and punish- 

 ments. Strongly opposed to an 

 official priesthood, they refused to 

 take part in the Temple sacrifices, 

 but held ceremonial feasts with 

 prayer in their own houses. They 

 led very austere lives, some living 

 in community under a kind of 

 monastic rule, while others lived 

 apart in contemplative solitude. 

 Community of goods was practised, 

 and the time was divided between 

 prayer, study of the sacred books, 

 and agriculture. 



Later, becoming tainted with the 

 Gnostic tenets of the essential evil 

 of matter and the 

 dualistic origin of 

 the universe, they 

 abstained from 

 flesh, wine, and 

 marriage. They 

 paid peculiar re- 

 verence to certain 

 angels, and in som e 

 cases practised 



sweets. It is mad- 

 by extracting 

 or distilling the 

 volatile oil from 

 plants, seeds, or 

 kernels, such as 

 vanilla, coriander, 

 musk, anise, nut- 

 meg, peppermint, 

 and coffee. Rata- 

 fia is prepared 

 from bitter al- 

 monds and other 

 kernels and orange 

 peel. Essence of 



Essen. Krupp's steel works at the great German 

 manufacturing town. Above, model village in which 

 some of the workmen are housed 



