ESSEXITES 



Essexites. Crystalline granular 

 rocks named after Essex co., Mass., 

 where they were first found. They 

 belong to the gabbro group and 

 usually contain felspar (labra- 

 dorite), olivine, augite, hornblende, 

 and biotite. 



Es Sinn, ATTACK ON. British 

 operations, Jan.-May, 1916. After 

 his retreat from Ctesiphon, Meso- 

 potamia, Townshend was closely 

 invested by the Turks at Kut-el- 

 Amara, Dec. 3, 1915, and a relief 

 force was organized under Aylmer. 

 To reach Kut the Indo -British 

 forces had to storm several posi- 

 tions on the Tigris. The British 

 base camp was Imam Ali Gherbi ; 

 and the final objective was the 

 strong entrenched position of Es 

 Sinn, 7 m. E. of Kut. 



On Jan. 7-8, 1916, Aylmer 

 forced the Turks from Sheikh Saad, 

 and on Jan. 13-15 they were driven 

 from the Wadi positions, about 25 

 m. from Kut. Delayed by adverse 

 weather conditions Aylmer was 

 unable to make any considerable 

 movement until March 8, when he 

 attempted a flanking movement by 

 attacking the Dujailar redoubt at 

 the S. end of the Es Sinn position. 

 On March 12, Gorringe, who had 

 succeeded to the command of the 

 relief force, planned an attack on 

 the left bank of the Tigris. On 

 April 4 the Hannah position was 

 carried, by which time the Felahieh 

 position had been won. 



Townshend was in great need 

 of food and supplies, and great 

 efforts were made by the relief 

 force. On April 17 the British 

 achieved a small success at Beit 

 Aiessa, but the Es Sinn positions 

 could neither be turned nor carried. 

 On April 24 a desperate effort was 

 made to break the blockade of Kut, 

 and get supplies to Townshend. 

 The steamer Julnar was dispatched 

 at night up the Tigris with 270 

 tons of supplies under Lt. H. 0. B. 

 Firman and Lt.-Com. C. H. Cowley. 

 It reached Magasis, behind Es Sinn, 

 where it was captured by the Turks. 

 Townshend sui rendered on April 

 25. The Turks failed to follow up 

 their success. Instead of attacking 

 the exhausted Indo -British army 

 they retired from their advanced 

 position by Es Sinn on May 19. 

 The British followed up and 

 cleared most of the right bank 

 of the Tigris, but they were too 

 exhausted to carry on a vigorous 

 offensive, and the situation de- 

 veloped into a stalemate until 

 autumn. See Aylmer ; Kut ; Meso- 

 potamia, Conquest of ; consult also 

 My Campaign in Mesopotamia, 

 C. V. F. Townshend, 1920. 



Essipoff, ANNETTE . (1851- 

 1914). Russian pianist. Born at 

 St. Petersburg, Feb. 1, 1851, she 



298 1 



studied at the Conservatoire under 

 Theodor Leschetitzky, whom she 

 married in 1880. For many years 

 she was a teacher at the Conser- 

 vatoire. She played with great 

 success in most of the chief cities 

 of Europe and America. She died 

 in Dec., 1914. 



Essling. Village of Lower 

 Austria. It stands on the Danube, 

 7 m. E. of Vienna. Between this 

 village and the neighbouring one 

 of Aspern a battle was fought 

 between the French and Austrians, 

 May 21-22, 1809. See Aspern, 

 Battle of. 



Esslingen. Town of Germany, 

 in Wurttemberg. It stands on the 

 Neckar, 7 m. E.S.E. of Stuttgart. 

 Its chief interest is historical. The 

 old town, around which are the 

 modern suburbs, is still girt with 

 its walls and towers, while above is 

 the ruined castle. The public build- 

 ings include the church of S. 

 Dionysius, dating in part from the 

 llth century; the 14th century 

 church of Our Lady, a Gothic 

 building restored in the 19th cen- 

 tury, and containing some beau- 

 tiful stained glass and a fine tower; 



ESTATE AGENT 



Estaing,CHAKLES HECTOR THEO- 

 DAT, COMTE D' (1729-94). French 

 sailor. Born in Auvergne, he en- 

 tered the army and attained the 

 rank of brigadier. After serving in 

 India, he returned to France and 

 entered the navy, being promoted 

 vice-admiral in 1777. The follow- 

 ing year he fought against Britain, 

 and in 1779 took St. Vincent and 

 Grenada. After his return to 

 France, he was colonel of the na- 

 tional guard at Versailles in 1789, 

 but his royalist tendencies aroused 

 suspicion. He gave evidence at the 

 trial of Marie Antoinette in 1793, 

 but was subsequently accused of 

 being a royalist, and was guillo- 

 tined April 28, 1794 



Estaires. Town of France, in 

 the dept. of Nord. It is on the 

 river Lys, 13 m. W. of Lille, and 

 was prominent in the Great War. 

 The Allies occupied it early in Oct., 

 1914, and it continued in their pos- 

 session until 1918. In the German 

 offensive against the Channel Ports, 

 April, 1918, it was the scene of 

 spirited fighting. At the Estaires 

 drawbridge the British held the 

 enemy until the great steel and con- 

 crete structure was 

 blown up. The 

 town was held by 

 ^ t h e British 

 throughoutthe day 

 and night of April 

 9-10. On April 11 

 men of the 50th 

 division were en- 

 gaged in street 

 fighting here. Oc- 

 cupied by the 

 Germans, April 11, 

 i t was recovered by 

 the Allies early in 

 Sept. See Ypres, 

 Battles of. 



Esslingen. The historical town of Wurttemberg, 

 showing, on the left, the Gothic church of Our Lady 



the 13th century Gothic church of 

 S. Paul; a hospital, and several 

 schools. There are two town halls : 

 the older one, dating from 1430, is 

 now a school, and has a wonderful 

 clock ; the newer one was formerly 

 a palace. The industries include 

 large engineering works, railway 

 shops, electrical and lithographic 

 works, also the making of cloth and 

 a trade in wine. Esslingen, a town 

 since 886, was a free city from 1209 

 until 1802, when it was taken into 

 Wurttemberg. Pop. 32,364. 



Est, CANAL DE L'. Canal of N.E. 

 France. It extends from the 

 Meuse, near Givet in Ardennes, to 

 Porte -sur-Sa6ne in Haute-Sa6ne, 

 and has connexion with the Marne 

 and Rhone Canal at Void. Por- 

 tions of the Meuse and Moselle are 

 included in the canal system, 

 which has a length of 286 m. 



Estate. Origin- 

 ally a condition, or 

 rank, the idea expressed by the 

 modern word state. It is chiefly 

 used, however, for landed and other 

 property, and all property is 

 by English law classed as either 

 real estate or personal estate. By 

 the word alone is meant landed 

 property, generally a considerable 

 amount under a single ownership 

 and all contiguous. An estate may 

 be of various kinds, freehold, lease- 

 hold, or copyhold. See Land Laws : 

 Real Property. 



Estate Agent. One who acts for 

 another in the management or sale 

 of landed or house property. He 

 lets and collects the rents of es- 

 tates, farms, houses, cottages, etc.; 

 and generally represents the land- 

 lord in dealing with tenants. He 

 should have a knowledge of agri- 

 culture, bookkeeping, surveying, 

 valuing, forestry, drainage, building 



