ESTOILE 



Estoile (old Fr., star). In her- 

 aldry, a star, usually represented 

 as having wavy rays. If there are 

 six rays or more, 

 only the alter- 

 nate rays are 

 - wavy. An estoile 

 with a number 

 of long rays 

 springing from 

 it at an angle, 

 Estoile, in heraldry or with a i ong 



tail, is called a comet. See Mullet. 



Eston. Urban dist. and town of 

 N. Riding, Yorkshire, England. It 

 is 5 m. S.E. of Middlesbrough, on 

 the N.E.R. There are important 

 blast furnaces, iron-foundries, and 

 saw-mills, and steel rails are largely 

 made. Ironstone is quarried ex- 

 tensively in the Cleveland Hills. 

 Pop. 12,026. 



Estoppel (old Fr. estoper, late 

 Lat. stuppare, to stuff with tow, 

 stuppa). Doctrine of English law. 

 Broadly, it means that in certain 

 circumstances a party will not be 

 allowed to show the truth in his 

 own favour, when he has, by some 

 act or deed or negligence, led the 

 other party to believe that some- 

 thing else is the truth. Estoppel is 

 (1 ) by deed ; (2) in pais, or by act ; 

 (3) by negligence. (1 ) If A makes a 

 deed of conveyance of Whiteacre 

 to B on March 1, reciting in it that 

 he (A) is the owner, and in fact he 

 is not, but on some subsequent day 

 he becomes the owner, the estate 

 at once passes to B, because A will 

 not be allowed to come and say that 

 on March 1 he had no right to con- 

 vey. Generally speaking, every 

 statement made by a man in a deed 

 estops him from denying the truth 

 of it. (2) If A does an act or makes 

 a statement which causes B to 

 alter his position, A is not allowed 

 afterwards to aver against B any- 

 thing to contradict the act or state- 

 ment. Thus, if A takes lease of a 

 house from B, he cannot after- 

 wards say that B is not the owner 

 thereof and refuse to pay his rent. 

 (3) If A by his negligence causes 

 B to alter bis position, he is not 

 allowed to dispute the correctness 

 of B's action so as to take advan- 

 tage of his own negligence. 



Estournelles de Constant, 



PAUL HENBI BENJAMIN, BARON 

 (b. 1852). 

 French pub- 

 licist. Enter- 

 ing the diplo- 

 matic service, 

 he became 

 charge d'af- 

 faires in Mon- 

 tenegro, and 

 was attached 



to the embas- _ 



Baron 



In French publicist 



2985 



1904 he was elected a senator, and 

 as a member of the Hague Court 

 exerted his influence for peace. He 

 received the Nobel Peace prize in 

 1909. He wrote much for French, 

 English, and American reviews. ' 



Estovers OB BOTES. Certain 

 furnishings of wood that a tenant 

 is allowed to cut and use for the 

 purpose of his holding. They in- 

 clude firebote, or wood for firing ; 

 ploughbote, to mend his plough ; 

 housebote, to repair his house ; and 

 hedgebote, to maintain his fences. 

 Estovers are usually, if not always, 

 enforceable by the custom of a 

 manor, and are rights indefeasibly 

 attached to the freeholds and copy- 

 holds of that manor; that is to say, 

 they are not personal rights, but 

 must be claimed in the character 

 of tenant of the manor. Estovers 

 is old Fr., necessaries ; bote is mid. 

 Eng., advantage. See Lopping. 



Estray (old Fr. estraier, to 

 stray, wander from the street, 

 Lat. strata). Term used in law for 

 a strayed animal. A quaint old 

 law of England says that if valu- 

 able tame animals are found wan- 

 dering at large they are to belong 

 to the sovereign. But in most cases 

 the sovereign long ago granted 

 the right in them to the lord of the 

 manor where they might be found. 

 They must be " proclaimed " in 

 the nearest church and two market 

 towns, and, if not claimed in a 

 year and a day, are irredeemably 

 lost to the owner. See Pound. 



Estreat (old Fr. estrait, ex- 

 tract). Term used in English law, 

 meaning to forfeit something, 

 generally a sum of money, by way 

 of enforcing an obligation to the 

 crown. It usually occurs in the 

 case of recognizances, where a 

 person has agreed to do or not to 

 do something in face of a court 

 under penalty of paying so much 

 if he does not fulfil the obligation. 

 Thus, A. B. will enter into a re- 

 cognizance to keep the peace for 

 six months under penalty of 50. 

 If he breaks the peace within that 

 time his recognizance may be 

 estreated, and the like happens if 

 X. Y. goes ban in 50 that A. B. 

 should appear and stand his trial. 

 The bail will be estreated if A. B. 

 does not duly appear. Estreat is 

 enforced by levying a distress upon 

 the property of the person liable. 

 The original meaning of the word 

 is a copy or extract of an original 

 record or document. 



Es trees. Name of four villages 

 of France: (1) in dept. of Nord, 

 slightly S. of Douai ; (2) in dept. 

 of Aisne, slightly E. of St. Quentin 

 Canal, N. of Bellenglise. On Oct. 1, 

 1918, the British stormed the vil- 

 lage and its defences in the great 

 offensive N. of St. Quentin ; (3) in 



Gabrielle d'EstrSes 



From an old portrait 



ESTREMADURA 



dept. of Somme, on the Amiens - 

 St. Quentin road, prominent in the 

 battles of the Somme, 1916-18; (4) 

 in Oise dept., known as Estrees-St. 

 Denis, W. of Compiegne. See Cam- 

 * brai, Second Battle of ; Hinden- 

 burg Line ; Somme, Battles of the. 

 Estates, GABBIELLE D' (1573- 

 99). ' Mistress of Henry IV of 

 France. Daughter of Marquis 



Antoine d'Es- 



trces, she met 

 Henry at Coeu- 

 vres in 1590. 

 Impressed by 

 her beauty, the 

 king caused her 

 to be divorced 

 from her hus- 

 band, Nicholas 

 d' Ame rval, 

 Sieur de Lian- 

 court, and in 

 1 592 he fetched her to Paris, where 

 she bore him several children. He 

 created her marquise de Monceaux 

 and duchesse de Beaufort, and 

 was so infatuated that had she not 

 died suddenly at Paris, April 4, 

 1599, he would have divorced 

 Marguerite de Valois and made her 

 his queen. See Life (in French ), A. 

 Desclozeaux, 1889. Pron. Estray. 

 Estrella, SEBBA DA. Range of 

 mountains of Portugal, in the 

 prov. of Beira. Lying midway 

 between the Tagus and the Douro 

 rivers, virtually forming the water- 

 shed between the Mondego and 

 the Zezere, the highest point is 

 Malhao, 6,540 ft. A beautiful 

 verdure-clad range, it commands 

 extensive views, and runs, from 

 S.W. to N.E., a distance of 75 m. 

 Estremadura. Province of 

 W. Portugal, S. of Beira. It is 

 divided into the districts of Leiria, 

 Santarem, and Lisbon. Its other- 

 wise regular coast-line is broken 

 by the estuaries of the Tagus and 

 the Sado rivers. N. of the Tagus 

 it is hilly ; to the S. it is low-lying 

 with marshy land. Some parts are 

 fertile, others barren; barely half is 

 under cultivation. In the Tagus 

 valley wine, oil, and fruit are pro- 

 duced. The manufactures are of 

 little importance, but cork, salt, 

 soda, and fish are exported, and 

 herbs are grown on the sandy plains. 

 Area, 6,937 sq. m. Pop. 1,438,726. 

 Estremadura. Former ter- 

 ritorial division of S.W. Spain, 

 co -extensive with the present 

 provinces of Caceres and Badajoz. 

 An arid plateau, denuded of its 

 forests, lacking water, and depopu- 

 lated by emigration to America, 

 it is largely a barren, heath-covered 

 waste or undulating pastureland, 

 feeding huge droves of migratory 

 sheep and pigs. Wine, oil, figs, 

 and almonds are produced, but 

 agriculture is hindered by drought 



