ETHMOID BONE 



2992 



ETHNOLOGY 



The inhabitants of Ethiopia 

 were of Semitic origin, and spoke 

 a language called Geez, which 

 showed greater affinities with the 

 Arabic of the Sabaeans in S. Arabia 

 than with classical Arabic. The 

 alphabet was perhaps of Phoenician 

 origin. There was an Ethiopia 

 version of the Bible, including 

 various apocryphal books added to 

 both the O.T. and the N.T. Geez 

 was superseded by Amharic as the 

 official language, but continued to 

 be used "in the churches and in 

 literature. It is now represented by 

 two dialects, Tigre and Tigrai. See 

 Abyssinia; also illus. facing p. 129. 



Ethmoid Bone (Gr. ethmos, 

 strainer, sieve ; eidos, form). Bone 

 which projects downwards from 

 the frontal bones of the head. It 

 enters into the formation of the 

 floor of the cranium, the orbits or 



eye-sockets, and the deeper parts 

 of the nose. Roughly cuboid in 

 shape, it is of a spongy, porous 

 consistency, a very complicated 

 structure, and contains a number 

 of small cavities. 



Ethnography (Gr. ethnos, 

 nation ; graphein, to write). Branch 

 of anthropology, which comprises 



Ethmoid Bone. Left, front view 

 of the bone ; right, side view 



the study and description of vari- 

 ous nations, in reference to their 

 distinctive material characteristics. 



ETHNOLOGY: THE SCIENCE OF RACE 



Sir H. H. Johnston, G.C.M.G , K.C.B., eto. 



One aspect of a great question is here discussed. See also Anthro- 

 pology; Family; Tribe; also articles on American Indians; Celt; 

 Slav ; and other branches of the human race 



This term is artificially derived 

 from Greek words, meaning a dis- 

 course about human races or 

 nations ; but has gradually come to 

 mean the science dealing with the 

 results of man's mental develop- 

 ment in contradistinction from 

 Anthropology. 



The classification of existing 

 human races or sub-species belongs 

 rather to anthropology proper 

 than to ethnology, which deals 

 with the history, distribution, and 

 intellectual achievements of Homo 

 sapiens. But for the better under- 

 standing of the ethnological dis- 

 quisition which follows, we might 

 briefly consider the present racial 

 divisions of humanity and the 

 criteria on which they are based. 

 In this classification we can only 

 take into consideration physical 

 traits ; it is useless to go by mental 

 developments and degrees of cul- 

 ture, since these vary according 

 to circumstances, and not always 

 according to the size or structure 

 of the brain. 



The comparative size and weight 

 of the brain is of some im- 

 portance. For instance, the 

 Australoids and Melanesians are 

 set apart from the other sub- 

 species of man by their lower 

 average in skull capacity and 

 weight of brain, and by the' reten- 

 tion in the conformation of the 

 brain of a few anthropoid features. 

 The hair of the head and body is 

 another criterion in race classifi- 

 cation. The two extremes in hair 

 are that of the Negro flat in sec- 

 tion and curly and that of the 



Mongol-Amerindian round and 

 straight. The hair of the white man 

 varies between these two extremes 

 and further tends in the N. Euro- 

 pean to be flaxen, brown, or red 

 characters which also reappear 

 among the Berber mountaineers in 

 N. Africa and the Aryan tribes 

 of Afghanistan and the Hindu 

 Rush. Stature is a variable factor. 

 The Negro sub-species includes 

 both the shortest and the tallest 

 men. Skull form, round and broad, 

 narrow and long, with or without 

 strong brow ridges, prognathous, 

 or vertical from brow to chin, and 

 the conformation of the lower jaw 

 are points of great importance in 

 classification. Skin colour is ac- 

 cepted as a general characteristic 

 of each distinct sub-species ; that 

 is to say, the Australoid is usually 

 brown,the Negro black, the Mongol- 

 Amerindian yellow, and the Europ- 

 ean white. 



Primary Divisions of Mankind 

 The generally accepted primary 

 divisions of existing humanity are 

 as follows : 



Homo sapiens australis. The Aus- 

 traloid. 



Homo sapiens aethiops. The Negro. 



Homo sapiens mongolicus. The Mon- 

 gol and Amerindian. 



Homo sapiens europaeus. The White 

 Man. 



The first of the four may be 

 further sub-divided into the Vedda 

 and Dravidian types of India and 

 the Melanesians of Oceania ; the 

 second into the Bushman, the 

 African Negro, the Asiatic Negro, 

 the Oceanic Negro, the Papuan and 

 the extinct Tasmanian ; the third 



into the true Mongol or Kalmuk, the 

 long-headed Eskimo, the Tibetan, 

 Chinese, Indo-Chinese, and Malay ; 

 and into the main stocks of the 

 Amerindian ; and the fourth into 

 Nordic (Aryan), Mediterranean, 

 and Armenian- Alpine Man. There 

 are also indeterminate and compo- 

 site human races obviously derived 

 from comparatively recent inter- 

 mixture, such as the Finns and 

 Lapps of N. Europe, the Egyp- 

 tians, the Hamitic and Sudanese 

 Negroids of the Sahara, W. and 

 E. Africa, the Gala-Somali (ancient 

 hybrids between Mediterranean 

 man and the Negro), many tribes 

 in India composed of Negro, Med- 

 iterranean, Nordic, Australoid, and 

 Mongolian elements ; the Indones- 

 ians, and the Polynesians resulting 

 from a fusion of Indo-Mediterra- 

 nean man, and the Mongol-Malay, 

 Melanesian, and Oceanic Negroid ; 

 the Ainus of North-east Asia, very 

 primitive " white men," not with- 

 out ancient Australoid affinities 

 and Mongol- Amerindian intermix- 

 ture ; the very composite Japanese 

 and Formosans, the Malay-Negro 

 hybrids of Madagascar, the Aus- 

 traloid-Negro Papuans of New 

 Guinea and the E. islands of the 

 Malay Archipelago. 



Origin of Man 



In what part of the globe did 

 Homo sapiens originate ? Almost 

 certainly not in America, because 

 in the New World no fossil remains 

 have ever been discovered showing 

 the existence there at any time of 

 such Old World apes and anthro- 

 poids as are known to be the near- 

 est relations of the human family. 

 Moreover, up to the present time, 

 no vestiges have been discovered 

 in the New World of any human 

 type approximating more than 

 Homo sapiens in its skull formation 

 or bones to any more ape-like 

 stages in man's ancestry. 



On the other hand, such remains 

 have been found in the Old World : 

 in Java, for example, and in the 

 English county of Sussex, in Ger- 

 many, France, Spain (Gibraltar), 

 and Austria. And there abound 

 in Asia and Africa at the present 

 day living human types on the 

 very borderland of the sapiens 

 species, which still exhibit in teeth, 

 limbs, face, viscera, and brain 

 remarkable affinities with the 

 ancestral and more anthropoidal 

 forms of the human stock. Per- 

 haps the most " Simian " type of 

 humanity, Pithecanthropes erectus, 

 may have only been a late survivor 

 in Java of an early type of Man, 

 and there exist reasons for thinking 

 that he migrated thither from 

 India, and represented the transi- 

 tional form between the actual Ape 

 and the actual Human which must 



