ETHNOLOGY 



2993 



ETHNOLOGY 



HOMO 



M1SED HOMO SAPIENS 



M OMO s. etiRoiveus 



Diagram illustrating the main developments ol the species of Man, and the inter-relationships of the existing 



Ethnology. 



and recent races of mankind. From the generalised HOMO, related to earlier species, emerge the Negro', Mongolian, and 

 White sub-species, within which numerous racial specialisations appear. Tinting indicates the approximate skin colours 

 or degrees of nigrescence ; size indicates only evolutionary, not numerical or political, importance. The races of mankind 

 have been, and still are, constantly modifying each other by their movements, penetrating and fusing with each other. 

 Thus, the Ainu type influenced Russian races and penetrated to Japan. Mongols influenced N. America, N. India, and 

 became the dominant stock of the Oceanic Polynesians. The extinct Cro-magnon race, originating in Asia, penetrated 

 Europe, crossed to Africa, left descendants in the Punjab, and crossed through N. Asia to mingle with Amerindians. Negroes 

 have influenced S. and W. European peoples, and great parts of the New World. The ribands of communication show 

 these various processes : where they have no arrow-heads, or where small arrows point both ways, there has been give-and- 

 take in the process of penetration ; where the ribands end in arrow-heads, there has been one definite hybridising impulse. 



with little or no reciprocity 



have inhabited a considerable area 

 of S. and W. Asia, N. Africa, and 

 Europe. The Piltdown Man of 

 Sussex (Eoanthropos), whose re- 

 mains are more abundant and de- 

 finite than those of Pithecanthropes 

 in Java, was nearer to the modern 

 human type, but it is probable that 

 he was a fugitive to S. England 

 before the pressure of more ad- 

 vanced types in France. 



Europe was in comparatively 

 early times a favourite region for 

 the development of Man. From 

 some human base of generalised 

 characters like the existing Austra- 

 loid, there seems to have developed 

 on independent and specialised 

 lines the remarkable Neanderthal 

 species, which apparently got no 

 nearer to Britain than the Channel 

 Islands,but which certainly reached 

 Gibraltar, and possibly N. Africa, 

 and dwelt principally in France, 



Germany, and Austria. There may 

 also have arisen another divergent 

 human species in S. Africa, Homo 

 capensis, so named from a fossil 

 skull found at Boskop, in Cape 

 Colony, in 1915. 



The Colonisers of Europe 

 The generalised Homo sapiens, in 

 the form more or less of the Black 

 Australian, seems to have colonised 

 much of Europe south of N. Ger- 

 many and Scandinavia, to have 

 penetrated even to Ireland (as evi- 

 denced by the Sligo skull), to have 

 passed over N. and perhaps E. 

 Africa, over W. and S. Asia. In 

 Asia at the present day he is 

 represented by the Veddas of 

 Ceylon, and by the black people of 

 Australia, and some of the Melan- 

 esian islands. In N. and E. Asia 

 this Australoid type specialised 

 into the Mongolian ; in Europe 

 into the white man, with his two 



main branches of the fair-haired 

 Nordic and the dark-haired Medi- 

 terranean type; in W. Asia into 

 the Armenian-Alpine and the 

 Dravidian ; and in the same region 

 possibly into the Negro. 



The region in which the negro 

 one of the most specialised forms 

 of Homo sapiens at the present 

 day had his origin has been much 

 discussed. Sometimes it has seemed 

 as though India was the negro's 

 original home and focus of distri- 

 bution. There is undoubtedly a 

 considerable negroid strain in the 

 forest peoples of S. India, and ab- 

 solute negroes exist now in the An- 

 daman Islands. There is a negro 

 tinge about Burma, and there are 

 negritos or pygmy negroes li ving in 

 the Malay Peninsula. Sumatra and 

 neighbouring islands are negroid. 

 Oceanic negroes are the dominant 

 population of the large islands to 



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