ETHNOLOGY 



the N.E. and E. of New Guinea, 

 and a very generalised type of 

 negro existed in Tasmania down 

 to the close of the 19th century. 

 Oceanic negroid influence extends 

 even to Hawaii, Fiji, and New 

 Zealand. But there are also traces 

 of considerable ancientryindicating 

 a negroid race inhabiting S. France 

 and Italy, rather more related in 

 head-form to the Asiatic than to 

 the African negro. Skulls of a some- 

 what generalised negro type have 

 been recently discovered in E. 

 Africa and at the Cape of Good 

 Hope. In probably very ancient 

 days, the negro sub-species some- 

 where in N. Africa, possibly in the 

 Sahara Desert, gave birth to a re- 

 markable variant, the Bushman, 

 not necessarily a negro pygmy, be- 

 cause in some districts he attains 

 to almost normal height, but very 

 specialised in regard to head-form, 

 bodily conformation, and the 

 peculiarities of certain organs. 

 The Bushman seems to have been 

 pushed by force of circumstances 

 across the Sahara into Nigeria, and 

 more particularly into equatorial 

 E. Africa. South of the Victoria 

 Nyanza he has left traces of his 

 remarkable type of language, with 

 its baboon-like clicks. But it was 

 in the sterile region of S. Africa 

 that the " Bush " type attained its 

 most marked development, and 

 there alone it is now found. 

 Migrations into America 



Human migrations into America 

 seem to have begun in the inter- 

 glacial episodes of warmer climates, 

 when N. America was more or less 

 broadly connected with N.E. Asia. 

 Quite possibly the first human type 

 to cross by this land bridge from 

 Kamchatka to Alaska was more 

 akin to the Australoid, and later to 

 the primitive Ainu-like type of 

 White man that developed out of 

 the Australoid. This last-men- 

 tioned is the predominant type of 

 the Russian population at the 

 present day, and recurs again with 

 a marked resemblance in N. Japan 

 and amongst the coast tribes of 

 British Columbia. But the domin- 

 ant human type to colonise the 

 New World in early times was 

 certainly Mongol a generalised 

 Mongol, mixed, it may be, with the 

 Cr6-magnbn race of Europe and 

 Asia, and resembling further the 

 generalised Mongolians of the 

 Malay Archipelago. 



This mixed Mongolian followed 

 closely on the heels of the early 

 Australoids and Ainu, and rapidly 

 penetrated America till it reached 

 the S. extremity. Mongoloids, 

 consequently, formed by far the 

 bulk of the aboriginal population 

 of all America. The peoples 

 of east or forested S. America, 



2994 



especially Brazil, resemble very 

 closely in appearance, and even in 

 manners and customs, the Mongo- 

 loid peoples of Borneo. In pre- 

 historic times there was a drift of 

 human emigration across the Pa- 

 cific from islet to islet and archi- 

 pelago to archipelago, until at last 

 western S. America, and perhaps 

 Central America, were invaded by 

 Polynesian Mongoloids, akin in 

 race to the Moriori type of pre- 

 historic New Zealand and of the 

 Chatham Islands. 



Japanese and Amerindians 



Probably in much later times, 

 when the Mongol peoples of China 

 and Japan acquired sufficient 

 knowledge of shipbuilding and 

 navigation, ships manned by these 

 people were occasionally stranded 

 on the Californian coast, giving 

 an early Japanese civilization to 

 the Amerindians of Central Amer- 

 ica. A recent interesting theory is 

 that the Phoenicians of the Persian 

 Gulf and S. Arabia first of all 

 opened up trade with Peninsular 

 India, and thus gave such a tre- 

 mendous impulse to the adven- 

 turous semi-Caucasian element in 

 N. , Central and Further India, that 

 not only was the shipping trade 

 opened up with China a few cen- 

 turies before the Christian era, but 

 this Phoenician-inspired adventure 

 in the Far East was followed by a 

 crossing of the Pacific. 



Probably, too, after the begin- 

 ning of the Christian era there 

 still occurred from time to time 

 Asiatic immigrations into N. Amer- 

 ica by the short canoe journeys 

 across Bering Straits. The Eskimo 

 race seems to have originated in 

 boreal Asia or Europe. Though 

 closely allied to the typical Mongol, 

 it is long-headed and not broad- 

 headed. There is evidence of 

 Eskimo culture and race having 

 extended to the N. of Scotland. 

 In the New World they only 

 colonised the N. of Alaska, the 

 extreme north of the Canadian 

 Dominion, and Greenland ; but in 

 course of time they extended S. 

 almost to Nova Scotia. But in 

 addition to the Eskimo in com- 

 paratively recent times it would 

 also seem as though the Tartar and 

 Ainu peoples of N.E. Asia found 

 their way into S. Alaska and even- 

 tually influenced the Red Indian 

 tribes of N. America. 



After remaining for some 100,000 

 years but sparsely populated with 

 humanity, the American contin- 

 ents attained an amazing develop- 

 ment in human history, following 

 on the discovery of Columbus. In 

 the 17th century began the great 

 set of the human race from the 

 Old World towards the New an 

 outstanding event in human his- 



ETHNOLOGY 



tory which culminated early in 

 the 20th century. Central and S. 

 America were first colonised on a 

 large scale by Spaniards and Por- 

 tuguese, who further introduced 

 the negro from Africa. The more 

 Nordic races of N.W. Europe 

 colonised N. America French and 

 British, together with a certain 

 number of Basques. 



N. America has now a White 

 population of 100,000,000, chiefly 

 representative of the physical 

 types of Britain, W. and Central 

 Europe, with, however, a large 

 number of Jews and a not incon- 

 siderable recruitment of Syrians. 

 The European element in S. 

 America is mainly Spanish, Por- 

 tuguese, and Italian, but there still 

 remain some 16,000,000 of Amer- 

 indian race, and these Amerindians 

 in Brazil have mingled extensively 

 with European immigrants or with 

 negroes. Negroes constitute the 

 main type of population in the 

 Guianas, in portions of E. Brazil, 

 as well as in the S.E. States of N. 

 America. But a remarkable change 

 is taking place in the distribution 

 of the N. American negro. Owing 

 to the discomforts and disabilities 

 inflicted on him in the S.E. States, 

 he is migrating to the N., the W., 

 the centre, and to Canada. 



Reviewing the prehistoric past 

 of Europe we find, especially in W. 

 and S. Europe, indications that 

 after the anthropoid Piltdown man 

 and the aberrant Neanderthal 

 who differed so much from Homo 

 sapiens in the structure of his teeth, 

 skull, and skeleton, that it is diffi- 

 cult to believe he was able to min- 

 gle with Homo sapiens and leave 

 hybrids behind him had passed 

 away, the next stage of human 

 types was somewhat Australoid in 

 physical characteristics, with even 

 a negroid development on the 

 Mediterranean shores. 



The Cro-magnon Race 



But as the recurrent glacial 

 periods gave way to more normal 

 conditions of climate, there ap- 

 pearedin France possibly emigrat- 

 ing thither from W. Asia the re- 

 markable Cro-magnon race, of large 

 brain development, tall stature, and 

 great talent in the arts, altogether 

 a superior form of Man. The Cro- 

 magnon had rather projecting 

 cheek-bones and is thought to have 

 resembled the handsome, dark- 

 skinned peoples of N. India, or the 

 better-looking types of Amerindian 

 in N. America. He gave human 

 culture a decided uplift, and was 

 a conqueror and successful invader 

 of many regions. Possibly he not 

 only entered N. Africa, but pene- 

 trated southwards across the Sa- 

 hara into southernmost Africa, and 

 was the origin of the Strandlooper 



