ETHYL 



ETHYL NITRITE 



Celts crossed France and invaded 

 N. Spain. They passed from 

 France or Belgium into Britain, 

 spread to N. Scotland and all over 

 Ireland. In Ireland they remain 

 mixed with the pre-existing Iberi- 

 ans, and therefore require to be 

 known (as in N. Spain) as Celti- 

 berians. This Celtiberian type in 

 England and Scotland was overlaid 

 by a much later Celtic invasion of 

 the Belgae or Britons, surviving in 

 language in Wales. The Celts over- 

 spread Holland and Belgium and 

 probably Denmark, and most of 

 S Germany, Austria - Hungary, 

 and perhaps S. Russia. The Aryan 

 invaders of N. Persia and Armenia 

 were more related to the early 

 Aryan peoples of Russia, whose 

 language type survives in Lithu- 

 ania. Allied with these invaders of 

 Persia were those who colonised 

 much of Turkistan, Afghanistan, 

 and N. India, and originated the 

 Sanskrit language. 



Goths, Germans, Northmen 



The next great Aryan uprising 

 was the Gothic, followed by the 

 German, divided again into the 

 High German or Allemanic and the 

 Low German or Frank. One branch 

 of Low German speech was Frisian, 

 whence came Anglo-Saxon and 

 modern English. Then came the 

 Scandinavians or Northmen, who 

 originated modern Scandinavia, 

 and profoundly affected the history 

 of the British Isles, Iceland, pre- 

 historic N. America, Sicily, S. Italy, 

 and the Byzantine empire. Ori- 

 ginally, the Scandinavian people 

 only occupied the extreme S. of 

 Sweden, the Danish peninsula, and 

 S. Norway, with the islands off Fin- 

 land and patches of N.W. Russia. 



Their predecessors in Scandi- 

 navia were Mongol types culmi- 

 nating far back in the European 

 Eskimo. Russia was peopled in 

 the N. by the same Mongol races, 

 and over the rest of the area 

 anciently by a primitive type of 

 white man akin to the Ainu of 

 Japan, noteworthy for their hairi- 

 ness of face and body. From these 

 dark-haired forms of white man 

 arose the Lithuanians, who were 

 early Aryanised by the Nordic 

 peoples and still speak a primitive 

 Aryan language. In time the 

 Nordic races romped ever Russia 

 on their way to invade W. Asia. 

 The Goths became dominant in 

 Russia in the first half of the 

 Christian era, and Gothic was 

 spoken in S. Russia down to a few 

 centuries ago. 



We cannot leave out of account 

 the effects of the Arab outpouring 

 in the 7th century A.D. They re- 

 Semiticised Syria (fast becoming 

 Hellenic), paved the way for the 



Turkish invasions of Asia Minor 

 and the Persian culture-conquests 

 of India and Central Asia. The 

 Arabs awoke the Berbers of N. 

 Africa and carried Hamitic N. 

 Africa into Spain and France and 

 across the deserts into W. Africa 

 and the Niger Basin, the Egyptian 

 Sudan and E. Africa, till at last 

 their influence reached the confines 

 of Zululand. and even permeated 

 much of the N. and E. watershed of 

 the Congo. They Arabicised India 

 and Malaysia to the verge of New 

 Guinea and the Philippines. 



After the Aryan migrations, the 

 next great event that affected 

 Europe and Asia was the boiling 

 over of the Mongol tribes of N.E. 

 and Central Asia. These, as Huns, 

 Avars, Turks, and Tartars, ravaged 

 two-thirds of Russia and much of 

 E. and Central Europe down to 

 the conquest of the Byzantine 

 empire. They also invaded Asia 

 Minor, and as rulers or soldiers of 

 fortune penetrated to N. Africa, 

 bringing with them first the Bud- 

 dhist, and secondly the Mahom- 

 edan, religion. Mediterranean and 

 Nordic Europe only began to make 

 headway against this latest Mongol 

 invasion about the 17th century. 



In the 19th century, however, 

 after having laid the foundations 

 of a white man's America, the 

 Nordic and Mediterranean Euro- 

 peans commenced their last tre- 

 mendous expansion of power and 

 colonisation. They discovered and 

 colonised nearly all Australasia. 

 They dominate all but E. Asia 

 to-day. They conquered and 

 took under control the whole of 

 Africa, wherein also they planted 



Erosperous colonies of white people, 

 a the Old World and the New they 

 are the ruling type. Whether they 

 will remain so must depend on 

 many factors : race fertility, con- 

 quest over disease and alcohol, 

 education, reconcilement of ambi- 

 tions, and international coopera- 

 tion. Nature, however, is entirely 

 without " pink and white " sym- 

 pathies, and cares little for the skin 

 colour of the coming super-man. 



Bibliography. The Races of 

 Europe, W. Z. Ripley, 1900 ; 

 Ethnology, A. H. Keane, 2nd ed. 

 1901 ; The Wanderings of Peoples, 

 A. C. Haddon, 1911 ; A Survey of 

 the Ethnography of Africa, etc., vol. 

 xliii, R. Anthr. Inst., H. H. John- 

 ston, 1913 : The Antiquity of Man, 

 A. Keith, 1915 ; The Peoples of 

 India, H. H. Risley, 1915 ; Men of 

 the Old Stone Age, H. F. Osborn, 

 1916; The American Indian, C. 

 Wissler, 1917 ; British Museum, 

 Guide to the Fossil Remains of Man, 

 1918; Comparative Study of the 

 Bantu and semi-Bantu, etc. H. H. 

 Johnston, 1919 ; Man. Past and 

 Present, A. H. Keana, rev. ed. 1920. 



Ethyl. Organic radical repre- 

 sented by the chemical formula 

 C 2 H S . It has not been isolated, 

 but its combinations, e.g. ethyl alco- 

 hol (ordinary alcohol) and many 

 compounds, are well known. The 

 name was introduced by Berzelius 

 as Ethule. It is denoted by the 

 contraction Et. Ethyl is a con- 

 traction of ether and yl, an abbre- 

 viation of Gr. hyle, material. 



Ethyl Alcohol (C 2 H 6 0). Chem- 

 ical name for alcohol, the active 

 principle of intoxicating liquors. 

 It is also known as vinous alco- 

 hol or aqua vitae. See Alcohol. 



Ethylamine. Organic base with 

 an ammoniacal odour, burning 

 taste, and strong alkaline character. 

 It is liquid, behaves in most respects 

 like ammonia, and is used in the 

 manufacture of some aniline dyes. 

 First prepared by Wurtz, 1848, by 

 distilling cyanic ether with caustic 

 potash, ethylamine is now made 

 by Hofmann's process, in which 

 crude ethyl chloride, a by-product 

 in the manufacture of chloral, is 

 acted on by ammonia. This pro- 

 duces diethyloxamide, which, puri- 

 fied and distilled with caustic 

 potash, yields ethylamine. 



Ethyl Chloride OR MONOCHLOR- 

 ETHANE (C 2 H C C1). Ethereal liquid 

 known to the alchemists as 

 sweet spirit of salt. It is made by 

 passing hydrochloric acid gas into 

 absolute alcohol containing zinc 

 chloride, and distilling the pro- 

 duct. Ethyl chloride is a volatile 

 liquid, used as a solvent, and as 

 a local and general anaesthetic. 



Ethylene (C 2 H 4 ). Colourless 

 gas prepared by the action of 

 sulphuric acid on alcohol, and 

 purified by passing through sul- 

 phuric acid and caustic soda. It 

 was first investigated, 1781, by 

 the Dutch chemists, Deimann, 

 Pacts van Troostwyk, Bondt, and 

 Lauwerenburgh. It is also known 

 as heavy carburetted hydrogen, 

 elayl, and ethene. It is easily in- 

 flammable, burns with a luminous 

 flame, and forms an explosive mix- 

 ture with air or oxygen. 



Ethyl-hydrocupreine. A de- 

 rivative of cupreine, an alkaloid 

 occurring in cuprea bark (Remijia 

 pedunculata). Known also as opto- 

 chin, it has been used in treating 

 pneumonia, but is a dangerous drug. 



Ethyl Nitrite. A solution con- 

 taining 3 p.c. of ethyl nitrite, by 

 weight, with 95 parts of absolute 

 alcohol and five parts of glycerine. 

 It forms the Liquor Ethyl Nitritis 

 of the British Pharmacopoeia. It 

 causes the small blood- vessels of the 

 skin to dilate, the face to flush, and 

 the heart to beat rapidly and vio- 

 lently, and relieves the pain of 

 heart affections. The dose is from 

 15 to 60 minims. 



