ET1ENNE 



Etna. 



The snowcapped volcano seen from Taormina, the beautiful Sicilian 

 coast town on the Straits of Messina 



Eugene Etienne, 

 French politician 



Etienne, EUGENE (b. 1844). 

 French politician. Born at Oran, 

 Dec. 15, 1844, he was educated at 

 Algiers. He be- 

 came deputy 

 for Oran in 

 1881 ; under- 

 secretary for 

 the colonies, 

 1887, 1889, 

 and 1892; 

 minister of the 

 interior, 1905, 

 and of war, 

 1905-6, and 



Manuel 1913 . He was 



also elected vice-president of the 

 chamber of deputies in 1913 and 

 again in 1914. 



Etiology OR AETIOLOGY (Gr. 

 aitia, cause ; logos, account). The 

 doctrine of causes, of the origin of 

 things, specially applied to the ori- 

 gin of diseases. By some it is classed 

 with ontology and teleology, as a 

 branch of metaphysics (q.v.). 



Etiquette. French word intro- 

 duced into English to denote a 

 routine of behaviour established by 

 custom. It includes court cere- 

 monial, formalities of diplomatic 

 intercourse, procedure in parlia- 

 ment, in the army and navy, etc. ; 

 rules of behaviour in social inter- 

 course ; and the code observed by 

 professional men, especially doc- 

 tors and lawyers, for safeguarding 

 the dignity and interests of their 

 profession. 



Of all peoples the Chinese attach 

 the greatest importance to eti- 

 quette. From remote times they 

 have codified their ceremonial, and 

 the Book of Rites, though rela- 

 tively modern, dates from the 1st 

 century B.C. See Manners. 



Etive. River and sea-loch of 

 Argyllshire, Scotland. The river 

 issues from Loch Mathair Etive 

 and flows 15m. S. W. to the head of 

 Loch Etive. The loch extends 10J 

 m. S.W. and then 8 in. W. to the 

 Firth of Lome. There are interest- 

 ing ruins on its shores. The river is 

 noted for its salmon and trout. 

 Pron. Et-iv. See illus. p. 2730. 



Etna (Lat. Aetna ; Sicil. Monte 

 Gibello). Active volcano, situated 

 near the E. coast of Sicily, and the 

 loftiest in Europe. Its present alt. , 

 10,755 ft., shows a decrease of 115 

 ft. since 1861. The base covers an 

 area of about 460 sq. m., and has a 

 circumference of 90 m., while the 

 floor of the crater, which con- 

 stantly alters and has become 

 wider in recent years, is 9,765 ft. 

 above sea level. In the distance 

 Etna presents the appearance of a 

 huge symmetrical cone, but on 

 closer observation discloses an irre- 

 gular surface, studded with some 

 200 minor cones, attaining 3,000 ft. 

 in height, and broken on the E. side 

 by the Valle del Bove, a gaping 

 abyss from 2,000 to 4,000 ft. deep. 

 Its slope comprises three distinct 

 zones of vegetation. The lower, or 

 lava, region rises 3,000 ft. from the 

 base, and is thickly populated and 

 well cultivated ; the middle, or 

 wooded, region, between 3,000 ft. 

 and 6,850 ft., is covered with 

 forests of pines, birches, and other 

 trees ; the upper, or desert, zone is a 

 barren waste, under snow during 

 most of the year. 



The ascent is generally made 

 from Catania or Nicolosi, and 1,100 

 ft. from the summit is an observa- 

 tory, with accommodation for 

 tourists. Pindar describes an out- 

 break in 476 B.C. Violent explo- 



Etive. 



The Argyllshire loch, famous for its salmon and 

 trout fishing 



ETON COLLEGE 



sions occurred in 1169, 1527, 1669, 

 1693, 1792, 1830, 1852, 1865, 1879, 

 1886, 1892 (when a new crater was 

 formed near Monte Gemellaro), 

 1899, and 1910. The eruption of 

 1169 partly destroyed Catania, and 

 that of 1693 caused enormous loss 

 of life. Of over 80 recorded activi- 

 ties, the most recent took place in 

 May, 1914. Ancient legend con- 

 nects the volcano with the giant 

 Typhon, who is said to have been 

 buried beneath it by Zeus, and to 

 have caused its eruptions by his 

 heavy breathing ; and with the 

 workshops of Hephaestus (Vulcan), 

 wherein the Cyclopes fabricated 

 thunderbolts. 



Eton. Town and parish of 

 Buckinghamshire, England. On 

 the left bank of the Thames, oppo- 

 site Windsor, of the part. bor. of 

 which it forms part, it is 21 m. 

 W. S.W. from London. Da ting from 

 Anglo-Saxon times, it has a church 

 in Early Decorated style dedicated 

 to S. John the Evangelist, 1852-54, 

 and a noted inn, the Christopher. 

 Pop. 3,300. See Old Days of Eton 

 Parish, J. Shephard, 1908. 



Eton College. English public 

 school. Founded by Henry VI as 

 the College of the Blessed Marie of 

 Eton beside 

 Windsor, and 

 now known as 

 the King's Col- 

 lege of Our Lady 

 beside Windsor, 

 its first charter is 

 dated Sept. 12, 



1440. A supple- 

 mentary charter 

 was granted in 



1441, when the 



pleted 1553, were begun. The con- 

 stitution (based upon that of Win- 

 chester, 1382) provided for a pro- 

 vost, head master, 10 priests, 4 

 clerks, 6 choristers, 25 poor scholars 

 and 25 bedesmen. Henry Sever 

 was the first provost, succeeded by 

 William of Waynflete,1443. Among 

 the heads have been Nicholas Udall, 

 1504-66, John Keate, the famous 

 flogger, 1773-1852, 

 J. J. Hornby, 

 1826-1909, and 

 Edmond W a r r e 

 (q.v.). Arms were 

 granted to the Col- 

 lege in 1448. 



The founder's 

 statutes were for- 

 mally repealed in 

 1872. The foun- 

 dationnow consists 

 of the provost, 

 appointed by the 

 crown, 10 fellows, 

 who form the 

 nominal governing 

 body, vice-provost, 

 head and lower 



Eton College arms 

 buildings, com- 



