ETRURIA 



Tusci, Etrusci, or Rasenae, and 

 their language belonged are pro- 

 blems yet unsolved. They were a 

 warlike and enterprising people, 

 whose power, at its height during 

 the 7th century B.C., began to de- 

 cline two centuries later. The 

 chief authority was in the hands of 

 an aristocratic caste called lucu 

 nions ; the 12 principal cities were 

 confederated, with ageneralcouncil 

 controlling matters of peace and 

 war. They early came into contact 

 with Rome, whose Tarquin kings 

 were of Etruscan origin, and in 285 

 finally submitted to her yoke. 



There is abundant archaeological 

 evidence that the Etruscans were a 

 wealthy, highly civilized people. 

 Although their architecture was 

 mainly borrowed from Greece and 

 the East, it exhibits a certain 

 originality. Above all, they were 

 the first to make practical use of 

 the principle of the arch, as in the 

 bridges at Chiusi (q. v. ). Their walls, 

 unattached by cement, consisted 

 of large blocks of stone, sometimes 

 rectangular, sometimes roughly 

 hewn. The Servian wall at Rome 

 was of Etruscan construction. The 

 tombs, all subterranean, differ ac- 

 cording to periods and the condi- 

 tion of the soil. In mountainous 

 districts they were usually cham- 

 bers hewn out of the rock. Where 

 the soil was yielding and crumbly 

 they took the form of a tumulus, a 

 conical earth -mound erected on a 

 walled substructure, frequently 

 having a pear-shaped ornamental 

 top, e.g. the so-called tomb of the 

 Horatii and Curiatii at Rome. The 

 walls of the grave chambers were 

 often adorned with paintings. 



In their plastic arts, three 

 stages have been distinguished - 

 Egyptian, Etruscan, and Hellenic. 

 Special excellence was shown in the 



E reparation of clay vessels adapted 

 om Greek models, cinerary urns, 

 and terra-cotta sarcophagi. Nu- 

 merous specimens are extant of 

 statues, from tiny lares (household 

 gods) to colossal figures, such as the 

 she -wolf of the Capitol ; and of all 

 kinds of vessels, candelabra, silver 

 goblets, ivory, gold, and silver 

 thrones, and ornamented weapons. 

 Most of the sculpture is sepulchral. 



It is perhaps in painting that the 

 Etruscans achieved the greatest 

 success, whether on the walls of the 

 sepulchral chambers or on pottery. 

 The painted vases also passed 

 through the three stages of Egyp- 

 tian (or perhaps archaic Greek), 

 Etruscan, and Hellenic. In the 

 first the figures are of a blackish 

 brown, in the second black, in both 

 cases painted on the yellowish-red 

 ground of the clay ; in the third, 

 the ground is black, the figures red. 



The Etruscan mirrors are well 



2999 



ETTRICK FOREST 



Etruria. Paintings discovered at Cervetri, the ancient Etruscan city of Caere, 

 illustrating the ceremonial burning of the dead 



By courtesy of Wm. Beinematrn 



known round or pear-shaped 

 plates of bronze, the outer side 

 polished and the inner adorned 

 with figures. Some of them are very 

 beautiful and more than anything 

 else throw light on the national life. 

 The Etruscans were skilled musi- 

 cians, their national instrument 

 being the flute. See Archaeology ; 

 consult also Manuel d'archeologie 

 etrusque et romaine, Jules Martha, 

 1884; Cities and Cemeteries of 

 Etruria, G. Dennis, ed. W. M. 

 Lindsay, 1907. 



Etruria. Eccl. 

 dist. and village of 

 S taf f ordshire. 

 England. It is 

 within the bor. of 

 Stoke, with a sta- 

 tion on the N. 

 Staffordshire Rly. 

 Josiah Wedgwood 

 established his 

 pottery works here 

 in 1769. Etruria 

 Hall, where Wedg- 

 wood died in 1795, 

 has been convert- 

 ed into the offices 

 of a large iron, steel, and coal 

 works. Pop. 8,056. See Burslem. 



Etruria Marls. In geology, beds 

 of red and purple marl and clay, 

 occurring in the upper coal mea- 

 sure strata of the coal-basins of the 

 Midlands and N. of England. They 

 are used in pottery manufacture. 

 See Pottery. 



Ettlingen. Town of Baden, 

 Germany. It stands on the Alb, 

 4 m. S. of Karlsruhe. The chief 

 buildings are a castle, standing in 

 large grounds, the town hall, 

 several churches, and a monastery, 

 now put to secular uses. It is still 

 surrounded by walls and a moat. 

 Its industries include the manufac- 



ture of paper, dating from before 

 1500, textiles of various kinds, 

 and machinery. A Roman station, 

 Ettlingen was made a town in 

 1227 and has since been part of 

 Baden. It is famous for the battle 

 fought here between the French 

 and the Austrians, July 9-10, 

 1796, the French being the vic- 

 tors. Pop. 9,400. 



Ettmiiller, ERNST MORITZ Lm>- 

 WIG( 1802-77). German philologist. 

 Born at Gersdorf, Saxony, Oct. 5, 

 1802. he became professor of Gor- 



Etruria. Plate of primitive Etruscan work ornamented 

 with figures depicting a ploughing scene 



man literature at the Zurich Gym- 

 nasium, 1833, and professor at the 

 university there, 1863. His writ- 

 ings contributed largely to the 

 knowledge of early German, Anglo- 

 Saxon, and Scandinavian litera- 

 tures. His best known works are a 

 translation of Beowulf, 1840, and 

 a Lexicon Anglo-Saxonicum, 1851. 

 He died April 15, 1877. 



Ettrick Forest. District of Sel- 

 kirkshire, Scotland. Formerly a 

 part of the Caledonian Forest 

 which comprised Selkirkshire and 

 portions of Peeblesshire and Mid- 

 lothian, it was at one time a hunting 

 ground of the Scottish kings. It is 

 now almost denuded of its trees. 



