EUCHRE 



Euchre. A card game. It is 

 played with 32 cards, the 2, 3, 4, 

 5, and 6 of each suit being thrown 

 out. There are two players, or four 

 in partnership. The dealer gives 

 five cards to each player, three at 

 a time and then two, turning up 

 the next face upwards on the pack 

 for trumps. In the trump suit the 

 knave, the " right Bower," is high- 

 est, the other knave of the same 

 colour coming next, the " left 

 Bower." The remaining cards of 

 the trump suit, and those of the 

 other three, rank from ace to seven. 

 In the two-handed game the 

 non-dealer begins by deciding 

 whether he shall play or pass. 

 If satisfied that he can win the 

 odd trick he says, " Order it 

 up." His opponent then puts one 

 card face downwards on the table 

 and is entitled to the card turned 

 up for trumps, but generally leaves 

 this card until he wishes to play it. 

 Should the non-dealer be dissatis- 

 fied, he passes ; the dealer may 

 then either take up the top card 

 in exchange for one of his own, 

 and play, or he may pass also. 

 Both having passed in turn, 

 either player has the chance of 

 going on any other suit he chooses 

 to make trumps. If both pass 

 again, the hands are thrown up. 



Two cards constitute a trick. 

 A player must follow suit if he can, 

 but need not take a trick unless a 

 higher card is his only play in 

 that suit. The game is five up. If 

 the player ordering up succeeds in 

 making five tricks he wins a 

 march, and scores two points ; if 

 three tricks, he makes the point, 

 and scores 1 (four tricks count for 

 no more than three). If he fails to 

 make three tricks he is euchred, 

 and his opponent scores 2. 



There is a variant of the game, 

 called cut-throat euchre, for three 

 players. Pron. U-ker. Sep. The 

 Standard Hoyle. 1887. 



Eucken, RUDOLF CHRISTOPH (b. 

 1846). German theologian and 

 philosophical writer. Born Jan. 5, 

 1846, in E. 

 Friesland, h e 

 was educated 

 a t Gottingen 

 and Berlin. He 

 was professor 

 of philosophy 

 in the univer- 

 sity of Basel 

 from 1871 to 

 Radoll Euckeo, ] 874, when he 

 German theolosian accepteda 

 similar post at Jena. His views and 

 writings show the influence of Plato 

 and the elder Fichte. He upholds 

 the Christian standpoint, and is 

 the opponent of naturalism in all 

 its forms, whether as empiri- 

 cism, positivism, or utilitarianism. 



3OO2 



His chief works translated into 

 English are : The Fundamental 

 Concepts of Modern Philosophic 

 Thought, critically and histori- 

 cally considered, 1880 ; The Prob- 

 lem of Human Life as viewed by 

 Great Thinkers, 1909; The Meaning 

 and Value of Life, 1909 ; Christian- 

 ity and the New Idealism, 1909. 



Eucla. Township of W. Aus- 

 tralia. It stands at the head of the 

 Great Australian Bight near the 

 S. Australian border, on the over- 

 land telegraph route through W. 

 and S. Australia. 



Euclase (Gr. eu, well; klasis, 

 breaking ). Rare mineral consisting 

 of hydrated silicate of beryllium 

 and alumina. Occurring in short 

 prisms, with vertical striae on crys- 

 tal faces, it is either colourless, 

 yellowish, green, or blue. It is found 

 in Minas Geraes, Brazil, in the Ural 

 mts. and Austrian Alps. 



Eucleides (fl. 300 B.C.). Greek 

 mathematician, whose more fami- 

 liar name is Euclid. Little is 

 known of his 

 life except that 

 he was of 

 Greek descent, 

 and lived and 

 taught at 

 Alexandria. 

 His individu- 

 ality has in- 

 deed been so 

 merged in his 

 works that me- 

 dieval writers 

 attempted to prove that he never 

 existed. Besides the Elements 

 of Geometry, Euclid wrote De 

 Divisionibus, a collection of 36 

 problems on the division of areas, 

 possibly the only survivor of many 

 such collections. 



Eucleides (5th cent. B.C. ). Greek 

 philosopher. A native of Megara, 

 he founded the Megarian school, 

 one of the so-called imperfect 

 Socratic philosophical schools. He 

 held that there was only one good 

 (Reason, Truth), and only one 

 virtue (a knowledge of this good), 

 all else being non-existent a 

 Socratic modification of the Eleatic 

 doctrine of the Absolute One. 



Euclid. Text -book on the 

 elements of geometry, based upon 

 the work of Eucleides (q.v.). The 

 course in elementary mathe- 

 matics in vogue during the latter 

 portion of the last century unwit- 

 tingly introduced the student to 

 a set of brilliant exercises in 

 deductive logic in the guise of 

 Euclid as an introduction to geo- 

 metry. Many pupils never sur- 

 mounted the Pons Asinorum 

 (Euclid I), others managed by a 

 sheer exercise of memory to master 

 Euclid Bk. I, but only the com- 

 paratively select few succeeded in 



Eucleides, 

 Greek mathematician 



EUDIOMETER 



enjoying Euclid Bks. I to IV. As 

 a school text-book in the days of 

 dull drill and lengthy routine, 

 Euclid was admirable. The propo- 

 sitions supplied material for the 

 dullard, and the hosts of exercises 

 kept the keener intellects busy. 



Euclid has been discarded by 

 schools mainly for two impor- 

 tant reasons: it is unsuitable to 

 students of school age because it is 

 entirely deductive ; it is almost 

 valueless as an introduction to 

 geometry because it takes no note 

 of modern ideas. Measurement 

 and constructive movement are 

 dominant in modern life, and 

 Euclid ignores both. See Geometry ; 

 Mathematics. 



Eucomis. Small genus of 

 perennial bulbous herbs of the 

 natural order Liliaceae. They are 

 natives of the Cape of Good Hope. 

 They have broad lance-shaped or 

 oblong leaves, and a stout, leafless 

 flower-stem, the upper half crowded 

 with greenish brown flowers, and 

 surmounted by a small tuft of leaf- 

 like bracts. 



Eucrite. Crystalline granular 

 rock, a variety of gabbro. It is 

 characterised by the presence, 

 among mineral constituents, of basic 

 species of felspar. It is well devel- 

 oped in Tertiary eruptive rock in 

 the Isle of Rum and near Carling- 

 ford, Ireland. 



Eudaemonism (Gr. eudaimon- 

 ismos). Greek term for the theory 

 that happiness (eudaimonia) is 

 the chief end of life. This happi- 

 ness, according to Aristotle, must 

 be striven after for its own sake, 

 not as a means to an end, and is 

 defined by him as a perfect activity 

 in a perfect life. The most excel- 

 lent and specially human activity is 

 that of the reason ; happiness 

 therefore is to be sought in a con- 

 templative, otherwise a virtuous, 

 life. Eudaemonism is to be distin- 

 guished from Hedonism (q.v. ). 



Eudiometer (Gr. eudia, fine 

 weather ; metron, measure). In- 

 strument used for measuring gases, 

 Originally designed for determin- 

 ing the amount of oxygen con- 

 tained in a sample of air, it is now 

 commonly used for determining 

 the constituents of a gaseous 

 mixture. In some forms it com- 

 prises a graduated glass tube or 

 cy Under, either straight or U- 

 shaped, closed up at one end and 

 open at the other, and having in- 

 verted near the closed end two 

 platinum wires, which are near 

 enough to allow the passage of an 

 electric spark through the mixture. 



A Cavendish eudiometer is a 

 vessel closed at both ends, having 

 a screwed connexion by which it 

 can be pumped clear of air before 

 being filled with a gaseous mixture 



