EUDOCIA 



for analysis. A mixture of two 

 volumes of hydrogen and one of 

 oxygen can be exploded in a 

 eudiometer tube to form water. 



Eudocia (c. 393-460). East 

 Roman empress. Daughter of the 

 Athenian philosopher Leontius, 

 celebrated for her beauty and in- 

 tellect, she was converted to 

 Christianity by Pulcheria, sister of 

 Theodosius II who married her in 

 421. Before conversion her name 

 was Athenais. The two sisters-in- 

 law, however, quarrelled over the 

 Eutychian heresy (see Eutyches), 

 and Eudocia was banished, re- 

 turning to a life of good works 

 at Jerusalem. She wrote several 

 poems, chiefly of a religious nature. 

 Euganean Hills. Isolated group 

 of hills of N.E. Italy, in the prov. 

 of Padua. Lying in the W. of the 

 prov. they are of volcanic origin, 

 have numerous thermal springs, 

 and extensive trachyte quarries. 

 The loftiest point is Monte Venda, 

 1,895 ft. On their slopes are sev- 

 eral villas and a ruined convent. 



Eugene. City of Oregon, U.S.A. 

 the co. seat of Lane co. It stands 

 on the Willamette river, 46 m. S. 

 of Albany, and is served by the S. 

 Pacific rly. It is the seat of the 

 Oregon university (opened 1876). 

 It has machine shops, ironfound- 

 ing and tanning industries, and 

 manufactures of furniture, cotton 

 goods, window-sashes and doors. 

 Eugene is at the head of naviga- 

 tion, and carries on a brisk trade in 

 lumber, cereals, cattle and animal 

 products and canned fruit. It is 

 a rapidly growing city, settled in 

 1854, and incorporated 10 years 

 later. Pop. 14,257. 



Eugene (1663-1736). Italian 

 prince and Austrian soldier. Born 

 in Paris, Oct. 18, 1663, his father 

 was Eugene 

 Maurice, prince 

 of Savoy, and 

 his mother a 

 Frenchwoman, 

 a niece of Maz- 

 arin. He was 

 baptized as 

 Fran9ois Eu- 

 gene. Educated 

 in France, at 

 first for the 

 church, he en- 

 tered the Aus- 

 trian army, as Louis would not 

 admit him to the French, a fact 

 which some think gave a distinct 

 anti-French impetus to his military 

 career. His early experiences were 

 gained fighting against the Turks, 

 and his advance was rapid. 



In 1691 Eugene held a com- 

 mand in Italy, where, between 

 then and 1693, he won several 

 successes over the French. In 

 1697, in command of the im- 



Prince Eugene, 

 Austrian soldier 



From a contemp. 

 portrait 



3003 



perialists in Hungary, he crushed 

 the Turks at Zenta. In 1701, when 

 the war of the Spanish succession 

 broke out, he was sent to Italy, 

 where again he won considerable 

 successes over the French. In 1704 

 began the association with Marl- 

 borough which has linked together 

 the two names in history. The 

 prince helped in the battle of 

 Blenheim, but when Ramillies 

 was fought (1706) he was again in 

 Italy, where his outstanding feat 

 was the capture of Turin. He 

 fought at Oudenarde, but after the 

 English had withdrawn from the 

 struggle, he advised his master, 

 the emperor, to do the same. This 

 counsel being taken, he arranged in 

 1714 the peace of Rastatt. 



Next began one of Eugene's 

 greatest campaigns, the one that 

 made him the idol of the Aus- 

 trians. In the war against the 

 Turks that opened in 1716, he won 

 a victory at Peterwardein, and a 

 greater one when he captured Bel- 

 grade. A period of peace fol- 



EUGENICS 



lowed, the prince serving as 

 governor for the Netherlands, and 

 then as the emperor's representa- 

 tive in Italy. In 1734 he led the 

 Austrians in the war of the Polish 

 succession, and on April 21, 1736, 

 he died in Vienna. 



The greatest of all the soldiers 

 who have served Austria, Eugene 

 was responsible for the only period 

 in her military history that can be 

 called glorious. He had a passion 

 for war. the genius that knew in- 

 stinctively when risks could be 

 taken, for several of his victories 

 were won over greatly superior 

 forces. He was interested in art, 

 and left a magnificent collection of 

 pictures. The prince never married. 

 See Life, G. B. Malleson, 1888. 



Eugene Aram . Poem by Thomas 

 Hood, The Dream of Eugene 

 Aram, published in The Gem in 

 1829 ; and romance by Lord 

 Lytton, published anonymously 

 in 1832. Both are based on the 

 history of a schoolmaster of that 

 name. See Aram, Eugene. 



EUGENICS: THE SCIENCE OF BREEDING 



J. Arthur Thomson. Prof, of Natural History, Aberdeen 



The attention given by modern scientific students to this subject 

 justifies the following article, wi*h which should be read those on Bio- 

 logy ; Heredity ; Life. See also Birth Rate ; Death Rate ; Population 



Eugenics (Gr. eugenes, well 

 born) is defined by Sir Francis 

 Galton as " the study of agencies 

 under social control that may im- 

 prove or impair the racial qualities 

 of future generations, either phy- 

 sically or mentally." It is based 

 on what is known of heredity and 

 other factors affecting the organic 

 welfare of the human stock. Its 

 primary reference is to the inborn 

 qualities of the race, considered as 

 a breed. In plain words, eugenics 

 is the art of breeding well. But it 

 is artificial to consider a living 

 creature apart from its surround- 

 ings and activities, so that euge- 

 nics must be supplemented by a 

 study of environment and function. 



For the combined influences of 

 environment and function, Galton 

 used the term nurture, opposing it, 

 as Shakespeare did in The Tem- 

 pest, to the inborn or inherited 

 nature, and it has been much dis- 

 cussed whether nature or nurture 

 is the more important. But na- 

 ture and nurture are complemen- 

 tary, not antithetic. If a good in- 

 heritance is to develop fully it 

 must have an appropriate nurture, 

 which liberates the possibilities 

 that might otherwise remain un- 

 developed. Good nurture de- 

 velops the good, and inhibits the 

 bad elements in an inheritance. 

 Bad nurture stimulates evil pre- 

 dispositions and hinders the em- 

 ergence of the good. Thus euge- 



nics cannot be separated from 

 nurture, and this commonsense 

 conclusion is the more important 

 since nurture is more in man's 

 control than the inheritance can 

 ever be. 



The fundamental fact of eugenics 

 is that the chief determining factor 

 of human life is what the child is 

 or has to start with, in virtue of its 

 hereditary relation to parents and 

 ancestry. The statistical inquiries 

 of the workers in the Galton Eu- 

 genics Laboratory show the funda- 

 mental importance of natural in- 

 heritance. Exception may perhaps 

 be taken to the form of the state- 

 ment that " nature is five to ten 

 times as influential as nurture," for 

 no matter how fine the seed, it will 

 not yield a rich crop without good 

 soil and plenty of sunshine and rain; 

 but it must be allowed that the fun- 

 damental determinant of racial wel- 

 fare is heredity. This emphasis on 

 the inherited, nature has this 

 further justification, that there is 

 no secure warrant at present for 

 believing that gains made by the 

 individual as the direct results of 

 beneficial nurture can be entailed 

 on the offspring. 



The peculiarities which are ac- 

 quired by the individual's care- 

 ful choice of surroundings do not 

 seem to be transmitted as such to 

 the next generation. This may 

 sound discouraging, but three 

 points must be noticed, (a) If the 



