EUGENIE 



3OO5 



EUGENIUS 



poisoning of innocent mothers and 

 the blinding of innocent children 

 makes it clear that the curative 

 treatment of the disease will oper- 

 ate eugenically. 



In regard to war, it is generally 

 agreed that a war may be socially 

 and ethically inevitable and justifi- 

 able, though in itself a regrettable 

 anachronism. But it is certain that 

 a prolonged war in which a large 

 proportion of the men of fighting 

 age are engaged must have dys- 

 genic consequences. On the whole, 

 the best and the bravest will tend 

 to be eliminated, and this means 

 impoverishment of the stock. The 

 costliness of war also operates dys- 

 genically in diverting expenditure 

 from the support of the more 

 highly individualised and less 

 readily replaceable members of the 

 community. 



This illustration of the dysgenie 

 influence of war clearly points to 

 two highly important considera- 

 tions. First, that man' s great prob- 

 lem is to substitute for dysgenie 

 elimination eugenic selection, for 

 indiscriminate thinning a discrim- 

 inate sifting, for the cruder forms 

 of natural selection the subtler 

 forms of rational and social se- 

 lection. Secondly, that it is abso- 

 lutely vital for the student of hu- 

 man eugenics to bear in mind, what 

 is to the breeder of other organisms 

 irrelevant, that man is a rational, 

 social personality. Man's mind to 

 him a kingdom is, and not less im- 

 portant than the natural inherit- 

 ance mysteriously transmitted in 

 the vehicle of the germ-plasm is 

 that external systematisation or 

 registration of institutions and 

 traditions, of literature and art, 

 which form his social heritage. 



Bibliography, Eugenics : its de- 

 finition, scope and aims, F. Galton, 

 1905, etc. ; National Life from the 

 Standpoint of Science, K. Pearson, 

 2nd ed. 1905; The Methods and 

 Scope of Genetics, W. Bateson,1908 ; 

 Darwinism and Human Life, J. A. 

 Thomson, 1909 ; Parenthood and 

 Race -Culture : an outline of eu- 

 genics, C. W. Saleeby, 1909; The 

 Scope and Importance to the State 

 of the Science of National Eugenics, 

 K. Pearson, 2nd ed. 1909 ; Biological 

 Fact and the Structure of Society, 

 W. Bateson, 1912 ; Heredity in Re- 

 lation to Eugenics, C. B. Davenport, 

 1912 ; An Introduction to Eugenics, 

 W. C. D. and C. D. Whetham, 

 1912 ; Problems in Eugenics, Eu- 

 genics Education Soc., 1912 ; The 

 Task of Social Hygiene, H. H. Ellis, 

 1912; Eugenics, E. Schuster, 1913 ; 

 The Progress of Eugenics, C. W. 

 Saleeby, 1914 ; Heredity and En- 

 vironment in the Development of 

 Men, E. G. Conklin, 2nd ed. 1916 ; 

 Genetics and Eugenics, W. E. Castle, 

 1916 ; Towards Racial Health, N. H. 

 March, 3rd ed. 1918 ; Heredity, J. A. 

 Thomson, 3rd ed. 1919. 



From a photn *-^^ 



of I860 < ^^^**^* 7 



Eugenie (1826-1920). Empress 

 of the French. Born at Granada, 

 Spain, May 5, 1826, the daughter 

 of count de Monti jo and Maria 

 Manuele Kirkpatrick, whose Scot- 

 tish father was U.S.A. consul at 

 Malaga, she made her debut in 

 Paris society in 1851, where her 

 beauty attracted Napoleon ITI, 

 who married her, Jan. 30, 1853. 

 The marriage created a great sen- 

 sation, and the comparatively 

 humble origin of the new empress 

 made for many jealousies. Under 

 her influence the court became a 

 centre of luxury and extravagance. 



In political affairs the empress 

 exercised a strong, not always 

 beneficial, influence upon Napo- 

 leon. She favoured the disastrous 

 Mexican expedition of 1863-66,and, 

 anxious to show her devotion to 

 the Church, hindered the emperor's 

 Italian policy until all his influence 

 with the liberals was lost. At the 

 outbreak of the Franco -Prussian 

 War, 1870, into which she urged 

 Napoleon in order to strengthen 

 the dynasty for her son, she became 

 regent when the emperor went to 

 the front, but after Sedan fled to 

 England, where she was joined by 

 the emperor, 1871, and they settled 

 at Chislehurst. Napoleon died in 

 1873 ; their only son, the Prince 

 Imperial, was killed with the Brit- 

 ish army in the Zulu campaign in 

 June, 1879. 



Henceforward the empress lived 

 in seclusion, her chief friend being 

 Queen Victoria. She moved to 

 Farnborough in 1887 and usually 

 spent the winters in the S. of Eu- 

 rope, and died whilst on a visit to 

 Spain, July 11, 1920. Her body 



was brought to England and buried 

 in the mausoleum with Napoleos 

 III and her son, at Farnborough. 

 See The Empress Eugenie and her 

 Son, E. Legge, 1916; Memoirs, 

 Comte Fleury, 1920. 



Eugenius. Name of four popes, 

 of whom two are notable. Eu- 

 genius III (d. 1153) was born at 

 Pisa, where he was educated and 

 ordained. He joined the Cistercian 

 Order, came under the influence of 

 Bernard of Clairvaux, and was 

 made abbot of the monastery of 

 Tre Fontane at Rome. His eleva- 

 tion to the papacy, 1145, coincided 

 with a revolt against the temporal 

 supremacy, and he was driven to 

 Viterbo. The activities of Arnold 

 of Brescia (q.v.) compelled him to 

 leave Italy, 1146. During his two 



Eugenie. From a photo of the ex- 

 empress taken in 1906 



years in France he promoted the 

 second crusade, and promulgated 

 measures for the reform of the 



fore his death, July 8, 1153, that, 

 thanks to the intervention of the 

 emperor, Frederick Barbarossa, he 

 was able to return to Rome. 



Eugenius IV (d. 1447) was a Ve- 

 netian and a monk of the Celestine 

 order. He was bishop of Siena and 

 became pope in 1431. He was first 

 engaged in a struggle with the 

 Colonna family, and then with the 

 Council of Basel, which refused to 

 dissolve on his order in 1431, the 

 recalcitrants of the council declar- 

 ing him suspended and deposed, and 

 electing the anti-pope Amadeus of 

 Savoy (Felix V). Outside a com- 

 paratively small party, however, 

 Eugenius maintained his position 

 as rightful pope. From 1433-53 he 

 was driven to live at Florence by a 

 revolt of the Romans. He effected 

 a temporary union with the Greek 

 and Armenian churches, 1439. 



