EUONYMIN 



3OO7 



EUPHRATES 



time religious fanatics have under- 

 gone self-mutilation, the Skoptsi, 

 of Russia, being notable examples. 

 The only Christian self-castrate of 

 note was Origen. 



Euonymin. Extract of the bark 

 of Euonymus atropurpureus, the 

 spindle-tree of the U.S.A. It is 

 useful for constipation associated 

 with disturbance of the liver. See 

 Spindle Tree. 



Eupatoria. Seaport of S. 

 Russia. It stands on the W. coast 

 of the Crimea at the N. end of Kala- 

 mita Bay,40m. N. W. of Simferopol. 

 The chief industries are soap-boil- 

 ing and tanning, and considerable 

 trade is done in grain, wool, hides, 

 and salt. Its Tartar name was 

 Gyuzleve, Russian Kozlov. In 

 1783 it was taken from the Tartars 

 by the Russians, who re-named it 

 Eupatoria, after the ancient town 

 founded by Mithradates VI the 

 Great, King of Pontus. In 1855-56 

 Eupatoria was occupied by Anglo- 

 French troops. Pop 30,432, mainly 

 Tartars and Karaite Jews. 



Eupatridae (Gr. eu, well ; pater, 

 father). Nobility of Athens and 

 Attica, supposed to be descended 

 from the ancient heroes. The rest 

 of the inhabitants were roughly di- 

 vided into Geomori or farmers, and 

 Demiurgi or artisans and traders. 

 As the kingship declined, the influ- 

 ence of the Eupatridae increased 

 until they virtually governed the 

 state. Their influence was checked 

 by Draco's Code of Laws, pro- 

 viding for the administration of 

 justice equally among all classes, 

 and ended by the constitution of 

 Solon. See Draco ; Solon. 



Eupen. District and town of 

 Belgium. The territory known as 

 the Kreis (circle) of Eupen lies S. 

 of Aix-la-Chapelle, and covers an 

 area of 400 sq. m., with a pop. of 

 about 40,000. It is fertile, with 

 rich pastures and meadows, and 

 its chief industry is dairy farming. 

 It contains Eupen, Raeren, Kam- 

 mersdorf, and Conzen. The town, 

 the administrative centre of the 

 Kreis, has a pop. of about 14,000. 

 It is situated on the Weser, 10 m. 

 S. of Aix-la-Chapelle, and is a busy 

 industrial centre, manufacturing 

 woollen and cloth goods, paper, 

 soap, and machinery. It has iron- 

 foundries, breweries, and tanneries. 



Formerly part of the duchy of 

 Limburg, Eupen was under the 

 government of Austria until 1801, 

 when by the peace of Luneville it 

 passed to France. In 1814 it was 

 given to Prussia, later forming part 

 of the Rhine province until 1919. 

 The town reverted to the old French 

 name of Neaux (q.v.). 



By the treaty of Versailles, 

 Germany renounced in favour of 

 Belgium all rights and title over the 



territory comprising the whole of 

 the circles of Eupen and Malmedy. 

 The inhabitants were " entitled to 

 record in writing a desire to see a 

 whole or part of it remain under 

 German sovereignty." This was 

 not the same procedure as adopted 

 in the plebiscite areas like N. 

 Slesvig. Belgian troops occupied 

 Eupen on May 26, 1919, taking it 

 over from the French. See Belgium. 

 Euphemism (Gr. eu, well; 

 pheme, voice). Substitution of re- 

 fined and delicate words for coarse 

 and vulgar words conveying the 

 same idea. The object is to suppress 

 as far as possible painful or un- 

 pleasant subjects which yet must 

 be referred to. While literature, 

 like art, properly embraces the 

 entire range of human activity, its 

 function is to idealise and refine, 

 and it therefore employs euphemism 

 in dealing with such matters as 

 strong animal passions, gross 

 pleasure, excessively painful or re- 

 pellent conditions. The shock of an 

 ugly or revolting image is more 

 violent when presented in words 

 used only by the coarse -minded, 

 but it is mitigated if presented in a 

 less familiar euphemism. Thus by 

 euphemism refined pleasure may 

 be extracted from subjects which 

 at first seem repugnant. 



Euphonium (Gr. eu, well ; 

 phone, sound). Brass wind instru- 

 ment of the saxhorn family. Of 



, ... , bass pitch and 



tone, it is of 

 the same pitch 

 as the baritone 

 saxhorn, but its 

 bore is wider 

 i and tone fuller. 

 ',. ! The euphonium 

 ! is the chief bass 

 i solo instrument 

 in military 

 \ bands, and of- 



Euphonium. ""* ten , <* oubles the 

 4-valve instrument melody an oc- 



By courtesy of taVC below the 



Bawkes A Co. cornets. It also 

 plays bass parts with the heavier 

 bass instruments, bombardon, bass 

 tuba, etc. Euphoniums are made 

 in C and B flat, both played as non- 

 transposers. In brass bands the B 

 flat euphonium is sometimes written 

 for on the treble stave, when it be- 

 comes a transposer, and the notes 

 are placed a major ninth higher, 

 i.e. : 



The open notes of the B flat 

 instrument are : 



and its three, four, or five pistons 

 complete the scale, and give a 

 chromatic compass of over three 

 octaves. 



Euphorbia ceae( Spurge Family ). 

 Large natural order, comprising 

 trees, shrubs, and herbs. They are 

 mostly with milky juice, found in 

 all parts of the world except the 

 Arctic zones. The leaves are all un- 

 divided, and either alternate or 

 opposite. The sexes are always in 



Euphorbiaceae. Foliage and flowers 

 oi the box, Buxus sempervirens 



separate flowers without petals. 

 About 3,500 species are known, 

 including spurges, mercury, box, 

 castor-oil plant, etc. Preparations 

 of Euphorbia peplus and Euphorbia 

 pilulifera are sometimes used in 

 medicine, to relieve conditions 

 associated with difficult breath- 

 ing. The order is named after a 

 Greek physician, Euphorbus (1st 

 century B.C.). 



Euphorbus i In Greek mytho- 

 logy, a Trojan hero slain by Mene- 

 laus. Pythagoras, who taught the 

 transmigration of souls, believed 

 that he himself had once been 

 Euphorbus, and in proof he un- 

 hesitatingly identified the shield of 

 Euphorbus in the temple of Hera 

 near Mycenae as his own. 



Euphotide (Gr. eu, well ; stem, 

 phot, light). Coarsely crystalline 

 basic rock, belonging to the family 

 of gabbros. It consists essentially 

 of the mineral diallage and plagio- 

 clase felspar, with minor quantities 

 of iron and carbonates as acces- 

 sories. It occurs in the Alps, Cor- 

 sica, and elsewhere. 



Euphrates. The western river 

 of Mesopotamia, flowing over the 

 alluvial plain to join the Tigris and 

 enter the Persian Gulf. One of the 

 notable rivers of antiquity, the 

 joint valley was the home of the 

 earliest civilization. The river, 

 called Frat by the Turks, rises in 

 the Armenian highlands, about 

 lat. 40 N. The parent streams, the 

 Kara Su and the Murad Su, origi- 

 nate well over 1 m. above sea level, 

 in a land snow-covered and ice- 

 bound for three months. Both 

 flow at first W. between snow-clad 



