EUROPE 



too hot for the fish. In these waters 

 large quantities of fish food ac- 

 cumulate, probably borne S. from 

 the Arctic Ocean Although much 

 of the catch is sold fresh, being 

 distributed by rail from the fishing 

 ports, a great deal of it is salted 

 or cured and sent overseas or to 

 Mediterranean countries. 



MINING. About half the world's 

 coal and three-fifths of the world's 

 iron ore are mined in Europe. 

 The chief collieries of Europe lie 

 within the belt of dense popula- 

 tion, but the iron mines are more 

 widely scattered, Spain and Swe- 

 den gaining large quantities of 

 iron ore, but little or no coal. 

 Half of the world's bauxite, the 

 source of aluminium, is mined in 

 France. Greece, Yugo-Slavia, and 

 Russia are sources of chrome ore. 

 Over a tenth of the world's copper 

 is obtained in Germany and Spain 



Gold is mined in the Ural Mts., 

 and in the Perm district in 

 Russia, Europe producing an 

 eighth of the world's total. Gra- 

 phite, used for pencils and as a lu- 

 bricant, is obtained in Bavaria and 

 Austria. France obtains a third of 

 the world's gypsum, the source of 

 plaster of Paris. Two-fifths of the 

 world's lead is mined in Europe. 

 Oil Fields and Mineral Products 



Europe produces about a quarter 

 of the world's petroleum, of which 

 about two-thirds is obtained in the 

 Baku district. The other main oil 

 fields are in Rumania and E. Galicia. 



About 90 p.c. of the world's sup- 

 ply of platinum was. before 1914, 

 obtained from the Ural Mts. The 

 Strassfurt deposits, Germany, are 

 the world's chief source of potash 

 salts, valuable fertilisers. Half 

 the world's mercury is European 

 in origin ; the chief sources being 

 Almaden (Spain) and Idria (Car- 

 niola); new sources are being tapped 

 in Italy (Mts. Amiata and San Sal- 

 vadore). Sicily is responsible for 

 half the world's supply of sulphur. 

 Portugal mines half the tungsten 

 ore of Europe, the industry being 

 state controlled. Zinc is mined in 

 Germany, Belgium, Czecho-Slova- 

 kia, Poland, Sardinia, and Spain. 



MANUFACTURES AND TKADE. 

 Parts of Europe are almost as pri- 

 mitive in their industrial outlook 

 as England was before the indus- 

 trial revolution; almost everything 

 in use is of local or domestic manu- 

 facture. Nearer the big centres of 

 population this primitive simplicity 

 is gradually left, and the opposite 

 extreme is met in the big cities, 

 where everything is bought, and 

 nothing*, made at home. In 

 every country domestic industries 

 abound, and in some, domestic pro- 

 ducts enter slightly into general 

 trade. The present outline of 



3014 



European industrial activities must 

 be limited to the great industries, 

 and must assume reconstruction 

 of industry on the same lines and 

 scale as it existed in 1914. 



The belt of dense population is 

 due partly to the fertility of the 

 soil, but especially to the presence 

 of coal and iron, and the conse- 

 quent development of ironworks 

 and textile factories. On the main- 

 land the industrial area begins in 

 N.E. France with the textiles of 

 Rouen, Lille, Roubaix, passes 

 through Belgium with the factory 

 towns centring on Liege, and on 

 to the Rhine district near the iron- 

 works at Essen, the textiles of 

 Crefeld, Barmen, and Elberfeld. 

 Hardware and Textile Industries 



The central group of factories 

 include those of Saxony (Chem- 

 nitz), Silesia (Breslau), Czecho- 

 slovakia, near the mountainous 

 rim in many small towns, and Po- 

 land, near Lodz. Farther E. in the 

 Moscow district, near the Oka 

 coalfield, hardware and textiles 

 are made. The southward exten- 

 sion of the crowded Rhine popula- 

 tion is intimately related to the 

 collieries, iron mines, steel works, 

 and textile factories of Alsace and 

 Lorraine. This extension continues 

 even into N Switzerland, for the 

 absence of coal is balanced by 

 abundance of water power, and 

 Zurich is noted for textiles. The 

 southward extension past Vienna 

 is dependent in part upon the de- 

 velopment of textile industry in 

 Moravia, and in part upon the 

 iron and steel works of Austria. 



The isolated areas of dense popu- 

 lation resemble the main belt. 

 In Lombardy the soil is fertile, 

 water power is used as well as im- 

 ported coal and timber, and there 

 is a textile industry round Milan. 

 In N.E. Spain the textiles of the 

 Barcelona district depend upon 

 sea-borne coal. In the Rhone 

 valley the factories of the Lyons 

 neighbourhood obtain coal from 

 a small local coalfield. It thus ap- 

 pears that W. Europe in particular 

 is a great manufacturing district, 

 and that the main factor in the 

 localisation of the industrial towns 

 was the circumstance that, in the 

 dim geological past, carboniferous 

 deposits were laid down in the 

 swamps that fringed the island 

 relics of the Armorican mountains. 



On the continent there is no 

 such distinct separation of cotton, 

 woollen, and linen districts as ex- 

 ists in Britain ; all the cotton fac- 

 tories work under the climatic dis- 

 advantage of a drier atmosphere 

 than prevails in S.E. Lancashire, 

 and are unable to specialise in fine 

 counts of cotton. Only the silk 

 mills of S. France, Italy, and Swit- 



EUROPE 



zerland are separate ; this is due in 

 part to the localisation of seri- 

 culture to the Mediterranean lands. 



The elementary fact behind the 

 trade of Europe is that she requires 

 foodstuffs for the people and raw 

 materials for the factories. Food 

 and cotton must be paid for with 

 factory products. But the factories 

 cannot all produce the same type 

 of goods equally cheaply ; conse- 

 quently some specialise, others 

 produce only half manufactured 

 articles, others become noted for 

 articles of luxury. At the same time 

 Europe is so large that the products 

 of the E. and W., of N. and S., 

 differ considerably ; so Russian 

 wheat is sent to England, Lyons 

 silk is sold in Petrograd, and Man- 

 chester goods are bargained over 

 at Nijni Novgorod. Russia, Hun- 

 gary, and Rumania send wheat, 

 oats, barley, and rye to Britain, 

 Germany, Belgium, Denmark, and 

 Holland ; France, when her harvest 

 is poor, imports wheat. British 

 coal goes to Italy, Spain, and the 

 Baltic ports. German chemicals, 

 Austrian glass, Danish butter, 

 Dutch cheese, and Greek currants 

 are sent away in considerable 

 quantities. The products of the 

 fisheries of the North Sea find their 

 readiest market in Spain and Italy. 

 Imports from Overseas 



Raw silk, tea, and rice reach 

 Europe from India, China, Japan, 

 etc. Coffee from Brazil and cocoa 

 from the Gulf of Guinea, meat, 

 wool, and wheat from Argentina, 

 reach W. Europe from the S. At- 

 lantic. The U.S.A. sends wheat, 

 meat, tinned goods, iron and steel 

 goods machinery, and motor-cars 

 across the N. Atlantic. Australasia 

 supplies wool and mutton, butter 

 and fruits, chiefly through the Suez 

 Canal. W. Europe sends away cot- 

 tons, woollens, silks, hardware, and 

 leather goods in exchange, usually 

 to the respective colonies estab- 

 lished by the European states. 



COMMUNICATIONS. The ordinary 

 railway map fails to represent the 

 railway system correctly, not dif- 

 ferentiating between single and 

 double track lines, frequently not 

 indicating narrow gauge lines, 

 rarely showing the lines used for 

 slow or express traffic, or the fre- 

 quency of the service. In general 

 there are no double tracks E. and 

 S. of a line from Trieste to Moscow, 

 or in S Italy or Spain. Narrow 

 gauge lines are used for moun- 

 tainous areas or in Balkan lands 

 for branches which end " in the 

 air." Express traffic lines are rare 

 except for the connexions between 

 the great cities, and the frequency 

 of the trains decreases away from 

 the Great European Plain to the 

 E., S.E., or S. 



