3018 



EUROPE 



SILK 



SUGAR 



TIMBER 



TOBACCO 



TUNNY - 



WATCHES 



WHEAT 



WINES 



ALUMINIUM A 

 CHEMICALS # 

 CHROME ORE f 



COAL m 



COPPER ^ 



COLD 

 GRAPHITE 

 QYPSUM 

 'RON 

 LEAD 

 MANGANESE V 

 MERCURY B 

 NAPHTHA T 

 PETROLEUM 

 PHOSPHATES* 

 PLATINUM % 

 POTASH ! 



SILYCR 

 SULPHUR 

 TIN 



TUNGSTEH 

 ZINC 



EUROPE 



(INDUSTRIAL) 



Europe. Map indicating the principal industries and occupations in the various countries of the Continent. The areas 

 in which minerals are obtained and worked are also shown 



emperor as its temporal head, 

 helped the baronage to maintain 

 their independence, since they 

 could support emperor or pope as 

 best suited themselves. 



Europe, then, in the second as in 

 the first half of the Middle Ages, 

 shows nothing like the system of 

 organized states to which we are 

 accustomed. Through the Scots' 

 War of Independence and the Hun- 

 dred Years' War between England 

 and France, the defined kingdoms 

 of England, Scotland, and France 

 were consolidating themselves 

 during the four centuries which 

 followed the Norman conquest of 

 England in 1066. Spain shaped 

 into a group of four separate king- 

 doms, the Moorish kingdom of 

 Granada in the S., and the king- 

 doms of Portugal, Castile, and 

 Aragon, to the last of which Sicily 

 was attached in 1282. Central 

 Europe Germany was only a 

 loose confederation of states in a 

 state of perpetual flux. 



Italy became practically a col- 

 lection of city states, in which there 

 was developed an intellectual life 



far in advance of that of the rest of 

 the world, especially during the 

 14th and 15th centuries. On the N. 

 of the empire lay the Scandinavian 

 kingdoms ; to the E. of it Poland, 

 Bohemia, which had a connexion 

 with the empire, and Hungary. S. 

 of Hungary chaos for the most 

 part reigned in the Balkan penin- 

 sula, though Byzantium held back 

 the Asiatic invaders till its fall 

 in 1453, when a Turkish dominion 

 was established in the European 

 continent. E. of Poland, the de- 

 velopment of a Russian empire 

 was prevented by the great Tartar 

 incursion in the 14th century ; but 

 by the end of the 15th the Musco- 

 vite kingdom was shaping itself. 



The latter half of the 15th cen- 

 tury marks the transition from 

 medieval to modern Europe. The 

 union of the crowns of Castile and 

 Aragon by the marriage of Ferdi- 

 nand and Isabella, 1469, unified 

 the Spanish monarchy. The im- 

 perial crown had passed to the 

 Hapsburg, Frederick III of Austria, 

 in whose dynasty it became heredi- 

 tary. The use of gunpowder was 



to revolutionise warfare. The voy- 

 ages of Christopher Columbus and 

 Vasco da Gama opened the ocean 

 pathway to a new world in the W. 

 and to the E., hitherto cut off from 

 Europe by the Moslem wall which 

 the crusaders had failed to break 

 through. The intellectual revival 

 in Italy received a new impulse 

 from the revived study of ancient 

 literatures following upon the fall 

 of Constantinople and the disper- 

 sion of Greek scholars in the W., 

 and men were beginning to chal- 

 lenge the doctrines of the Church 

 itself. 



With the 16th century the his- 

 tory of Europe becomes inter- 

 national, as it had never been be- 

 fore. The struggle of individual 

 states for a general European as- 

 cendancy now begins, and against 

 this effort the common interest in 

 the preservation of a balance of 

 power makes itself felt. Across this 

 for 150 years cuts the religious 

 struggle between Protestantism 

 and Romanism, and this again is 

 crossed by the struggle for dominion 



