EUSEBIUS 



near the centre, and a large pair of 

 facetted eyes near the margin. Eury- 

 pterids originally inhabited the sea, 

 but became adapted to brackish 

 and possibly to fresh-water condi- 

 tions. Fossils are found in Silurian, 

 Devonian, and carboniferous strata. 



Eusebius (c. 264-340). Church 

 historian v Often called Eusebius 

 Pamphili^ he was probably a 

 native of Palestine and spent his 

 youth at Caesarea. After the mar- 

 tyrdom of his teacher Pamphilus, 

 he took refuge in Egypt for some 

 years, and about 313 was ap- 

 pointed bishop of Caesarea by his 

 patron, the emperor Constantino 

 the Great. At the council of Nicaea, 

 325, though himself orthodox, he 

 showed leanings towards the Arian 

 party. His historical writings 

 especially Praeparatio Evangelica 

 (selections translated by H. Street, 

 1842), Demonstratio Ev angelica, 

 and Historia Ecclesiastica, entitle 

 him to be called the father of eccle- 

 siastical history. The Historia has 

 been translated into English by 

 A. C. McGifTert, 1890. 



Euskirchen. Town of Ger- 

 many, in the Prussian Rhine prov. 

 It stands on the Erft and is a rly. 

 junction, 20 m. S.W. from Co- 

 logne. Textiles are manufactured 

 and beer is brewed, other in- 

 dustries being tanning and the 

 making of chemicals. Pop. 11,350. 



Eusol. Solution containing free 

 hypochlorous acid. Introduced 

 1915 as an antiseptic in treating 

 wounds, it is prepared by shaking 

 25 grams of a mixture of bleaching 

 powder and boric acid (called eupad ) 

 with one litre of water and filtering 

 the solution after some hours. 



Eustachian Tube. Tube lead- 

 ing from the upper part of the 

 pharynx to the tympanic cavity of 

 the ear. Its function is to maintain 

 equal atmospheric pressure on 

 both sides of the ear-drum. It is 

 ordinarily closed, but is opened by 

 each act of swallowing. Blocking 

 of the tube, as in catarrhal condi- 

 tions or from the growth of ade- 

 noids, leads to bulging of the mem- 

 brane and partial deafness. If the 

 passage does not open when the 

 catarrh disappears, the obstruction 

 can usually be removed by blowing 

 air into the tube or passing a fines- 

 catheter. When due to adenoids, 

 the growth is usually removed. The 

 tube is named after Bartolommeo 

 Eustachio (d. 1574), an Italian ana- 

 tomist. Prom,. U-sta-kyan. See Ear. 



Euston Road. London tho- 

 roughfare. With Marylebone Road 

 on the W. and Pentonville Road on 

 the E., it forms part of the New 

 Road laid out in 1754-56 to con- 

 nect Paddington and Islington, and 

 extends from Great Portland 

 Street rly. station to King's Cross. 



3022 



In Euston Square is the entrance to 

 the terminus of the L. & N.W.R. 

 An obelisk 45 ft. in height is to be 

 erected between the terminus and 

 Euston Road by the L. & N.W.R. 

 as a memorial to their employees 

 who fell in the Great War. 



St. Pancras is the terminus of 

 theM.R., and King's Cross that of 

 the G.N.R. The Metropolitan Rly. 

 has a station (Euston Square) at 

 the Gower Street corner, and the 

 Hampstead and City and S. 

 London Rlys. have stations at the 

 back of Euston Square and at 

 King's Cross. In Euston Road are 

 the (new) church of St. Pancras, 

 built 1819-22, a modified copy of 

 the Erechtheum at Athens; and 

 Unity House, headquarters of the 

 National Union of Railwaymen. 



Eutaw Springs. River of S. 

 Carolina, U.S.A.. a tributary of the 

 Santee river. Near here on Sept. 8, 

 1781, was fought an indecisive 

 battle in the War of Independence. 

 The American force under General 

 Greene gained an early success over 

 the British under General Stuart, 

 but the latter successfully with- 

 stood a second onslaught. 



Eutectic (Gr eu, .well ; iekein, to 

 melt). Term introduced to denote a 

 condition of equilibrium which was 

 found to exist in solution of com- 

 mon salt, and since extended to in- 

 clude similar conditions. 



Between 1875-78 Guthrie inves- 

 tigated the freezing point of salt 

 solution. He found that, no matter 

 what the initial strength of the 

 solution, there was a certain con- 

 centration (23'5 p.c. of salt) and 

 temperature ( 22 C.) when the 

 solution completely solidified. This 

 he called the eutectic, which has 

 always for the same solute and sol- 

 vent a constant composition, but is 

 not a chemical composition. This 

 helped to explain the state of 

 metals in alloys. Those which are 

 looked upon as " solid solutions " 

 exhibit eutectic properties. Pig 

 iron, for example, is eutectic when 

 it has a proportion of 4'3 p.c. of 

 carbon. Plumbers' solder, consist- 

 ing of two parts lead and one part 

 tin, is a eutectic alloy, solidify- 

 ing at a lower temperature than 

 any other alloy of these metals, 

 which constitutes its utility in 

 " wiping " a joint. 



Euterpe (Gr., the well-pleasing). 

 In Greek mythology, one of the 

 nine muses. Her special province 

 was lyric poetry. See Muses. 



Euthanasia (Gr. eu, well ; 

 thanatos, death). Easy or comfort- 

 able death; in medical language, 

 the employment of means calcu- 

 lated to render the death of those 

 suffering from painful and incur- 

 able diseases as painless as pos- 

 sible. Induced euthanasia was 



EVAGORAS 



advocated by Plato, and was 

 common under the Roman em- 

 perors, many of Pliny's friends 

 being recorded as submitting to it. 

 In the island of Ceos (Zea), in 

 the Cyclades, euthanasia was en- 

 joined on citizens over 60. In old 

 Marseilles it is said that the au- 

 thorities were memorialised in 

 cases of serious illness, or even of 

 dire misfortune, as to the advis- 

 ability of euthanasia. In More's 

 ideal state, Utopia, euthanasia was 

 practised. 



Eutheria (Gr. eu, well ; therion, 

 beast ) OR PLACENTALS. One of the 

 three sub-classes of Mammalia, the 

 other two being the prototheria or 

 monotremes and the metatheria or 

 marsupials. Of these the prototheria 

 are oviparous ; the metatheria bring 

 forth their young prematurely and 

 nurture them in a pouch ; and the 

 eutheria produce more or less 

 perfectly developed young, which 

 during gestation are vitally united 

 to their mother by a placenta. See 

 Mammal. 



Eutropius. Roman historian of 

 the 4th century A.D. He was the 

 author of Breviarium ab urbe con- 

 dita, a short history of Rome from 

 its foundation to A.D. 364. The work 

 has little historical value, but the 

 simplicity of its style has made it a 

 favourite text- book for beginners 

 in Latin. 



Eutych.es (5th century A.D.). 

 Founder of the Eutychian heresy. 

 Superior of a monastery at Con- 

 stantinople, he taught that the 

 human nature of Christ was ab- 

 sorbed in the divine, and therefore 

 non-existent, even His body not 

 being truly human. For this he 

 was condemned by a synod at 

 Constantinople in 448, restored by 

 the " Robber " council of Ephesus 

 in 449, but finally condemned by 

 the council of Chalcedon in 451, 

 and afterwards banished. Pron. 

 U-ty-keez. 



Eutychus. Name of a young 

 man who, having fallen into a deep 

 sleep while Paul was preaching at 

 Troas, fell from the third loft, and 

 was healed or restored to life by the 

 Apostle (Acts xx, 9-10). 



Euxine. Ancient name*of the 

 Black Sea, the Pontus Euxinus, or 

 hospitable sea. It was originally 

 called Axenos, inhospitable, from 

 the prevalent storms, and the hatred 

 of strangers shown by the dwellers 

 on the coasts. The name was pro- 

 bably changed when increasing 

 commerce and the establishment 

 of Greek colonies made it better 

 known. See Black Sea. 



Evagoras (d. 374 B.C.).*' King 

 of Salamis in Cyprus. An able 

 ruler, he greatly developed the 

 naval power of his kingdom. 

 He was on friendly terms with the 



