EXELMANS 



text, but with the doctrines and 

 practical inferences to be drawn 

 from it, the study of exegetics is an 

 extensive one. 



Exegetes have from early days 

 been divided into two classes : the 

 Literalists took the statements of 

 Holy Scripture in their literal and 

 grammatical meaning ; the Alle- 

 gorists found an inner and spiritual 

 signification underlying the obvi- 

 ous meaning of the text. The N.T. 

 writers afford many examples of 

 the influence of this school. For 

 example, many O.T. passages are 

 applied to Christ which obviously 

 referred originally to contempor- 

 aries of the writers. The two 

 schools were long in antagonism, 

 believers in verbal inspiration natu- 

 rally demanding a literal interpre- 

 tation of the text of Scripture; while 

 the medieval tendency to read 

 sacramental doctrine into every 

 text of Scripture led to the most 

 far-fetched allegorisation. 



The history of exegesis shows a 

 great activity of commentators 

 among both Jews and Christians in 

 the days of the Early Church ; but 

 little was done during the Middle 

 Ages. The allegorical interpreta- 

 tion of a few favourite texts was 

 the subject of most of the books 

 and sermons that could be called 

 exegetical ; and collections of pat- 

 ristic comments replaced critical 

 investigation. The Reformation 

 saw a great revival of Bible study, 

 and most of the commentators of 

 this period belonged to the literal 

 school This may be largely attri- 

 buted to the need for proving from 

 Scripture the doctrines that were 

 now emphasised, as opposed to 

 accretions to primitive doctrine 

 which owed their existence mainly 

 to allegorical exegesis. See Bible ; 

 Criticism. 



Exelmans, REMY JOSEPH ISI- 

 DORE, COMTE D' (1775 - 1852). 

 French soldier. BornatBar-le-Duc, 

 Nov. 13, 1775, he joined the Revolu- 

 tionary armies in 1791, becoming 

 a captain of cavalry in 1799, 

 after his courageous behaviour 

 during the Italian campaigns. On 

 Murat's staff from 1801, he was 

 promoted general after Eylau, 

 1807, the climax of his active 

 service during the campaigns in 

 Prussia and Poland. Captured in 

 Spain, he was held a prisoner in 

 England from 1808-11. He took 

 part in the Russian expedition, 

 1812, and in the fighting in France 

 in 1814. At Waterloo he com- 

 manded a cavalry corps, and after 

 the Bourbon restoration lived 

 abroad in exile until 1823. Hi a high 

 reputation, however, 4 led to his re- 

 storation as a peer of France, 1830, 

 and to his elevation to the rank of 

 marshal. He died Nov. 11, 1852. 



3044 



Exemption (Lat. eximere, to 

 take out). Term used in Britain 

 during the Great War for freedom 

 from compulsory service. Under 

 the various Military Service Acts, 

 1916-18, all men within prescribed 

 age limits were liable to join the 

 forces unless they had secured ex- 

 emption. Married men, for exam pie, 

 were not liable under the first Act, 

 which came into force in Feb., 1916, 

 nor were doctors and clergymen. 

 Other grounds of exemption were 

 medical and compassionate, as in 

 the case of a man the sole support 

 of dependents, and men in indus- 

 tries essential to the successful pro- 

 secution of the war. Tribunals set 

 up under the Act granted either 

 temporary or complete exemption, 

 according to the circumstances of 

 the applicant. A second Service 

 Act, which came into force in May, 

 1916, did away with exemption for 

 married men, as such, though they 

 were protected in the same way as 

 single men on compassionate and 

 occupational grounds. Conscien- 

 tious objectors, married and single, 

 if they satisfied the tribunal, were 

 exempted from combatant service 

 only, as was the same class in 

 Australia and S. Africa. 



Meantime many men were being 

 exempted on medical grounds in 

 somewhat haphazard manner, and 

 in 1917 a Military Service(Review of 

 Exceptions) Act was passed. All 

 men previously medically exempted 

 were re-examined, the examination 

 was more thorough, and only men 

 definitely rejected by a qualified 

 army doctor were exempt. As the 

 need for men became more pressing 

 many semi-skilled and unskilled 

 men had their exemptions taken 

 away. An Actof Jan., 1918, enabled 

 the Government to take into their 

 own hands the whole question of 

 exemptions of men on an occupa- 

 tional basis, as hitherto the Trade 

 Unions had partly undertaken this. 

 A final man-power bill, introduced 

 into Parliament April, 1918, raised 

 the age limit to 50, and removed 

 the exemption hitherto granted to 

 duly qualified medical practi- 

 tioners up to the age of 56. In 

 France and other countries ex- 

 emption from service was granted 

 on certain medical grounds and to 

 only sons. See Certified Occupa- 

 tions ; Compulsory Service ; Man- 

 power. 



Exercise (Lat. exercitium). 

 Movements of the muscles, either 

 voluntary or passive. Voluntary 

 exercise means deliberate move- 

 ment ; passive exercises are move- 

 ments effected by the manipulation 

 of another person or by a machine. 

 Muscular contraction, such as 

 occurs during steady walking, 

 stimulates the circulation of the 



EXETER 



blood through the muscles. This, 

 in turn, acts on the heart and the 

 respiratory system, which both act 

 more vigorously. . The formation of 

 more waste products in the tissues 

 makes increased demands upon the 

 excretory system. 



Severe exercise is beneficial 

 to the young and healthy, but 

 should not be undertaken by per- 

 sons beyond middle life or those 

 suffering from cardiac or other 

 serious affections. Heavy muscular 

 effort, long continued, such as that 

 of a blacksmith, tends to produce a 

 thickening of the walls of the ar- 

 teries, which may eventually lead 

 to heart disease, apoplexy, and 

 other diseases, especially if associ- 

 ated with alcoholism or syphilis. 

 Regular daily exercise is an im- 

 portant adjunct to medical treat- 

 ment in obesity, gout, digestive 

 disorders, insomnia, neurasthenia, 

 and other nervous affections. 

 Suitable exercises are of value to 

 children and young persons, to 

 strengthen the muscles and correct 

 wrong methods of carrying the 

 body, which may have resulted 

 from weakness or curvature of the 

 spine, and other affections which 

 may follow rickets or malnutrition. 

 Passive exercises are mainly em- 

 ployed to prevent wasting of the 

 muscles and stiffening of the joints 

 following sprains of the bones or 

 other injuries to limbs, and to in- 

 crease the mobility of joints in 

 those suffering from rheumatism or 

 similar conditions. See Physical 

 Training; also illus. p. 2718. 



Exeter. City, county, parl. and 

 mun. bor., county in itself since 

 1537, riverport, andcounty town of 

 Devonshire, Eng- 

 land. It stands on 

 the Exe, 17 1 m. 

 W.S.W. of Lon- 

 don, on the L. & 

 S.W. and G.W. 

 Rlys. Still partly 

 surrounded by its 



Exeter arms ! d walls ' ii; occu ' 

 pies an elevated 



position on a ridge of land over- 

 looking the Exe. 



The chief attraction of the city 

 is its comparatively small but 

 magnificent cathedral, with mas- 

 sive Norman transeptal towers (a 

 unique feature except for a copy in 

 the collegiate church at Ottery S. 

 Mary), dating from the 12th cen- 

 tury ; the remainder of the edifice 

 was transformed between 1280 and 

 1370 from the Norman to the 

 Decorated style, and a complete 

 restoration was undertaken by Sir 

 G. G. Scott towards the end of the 

 19th century. Among other inter- 

 esting buildings are the guildhall, 

 rebuilt in 1330, the episcopal 

 palace, the College of Priest Vicars, 



