EXOSTOSIS 



3049 



EXPERIENCE 



such as the Babylonian wasting of 

 a wax effigy of the sorcerer, or the 

 Dakota shooting of a bark effigy 

 of the demon. 



Ills may be driven out by drums, 

 as in Patagonia, or other musical 

 means, as in the case of David and 

 Saul ; they may be transferred to 

 scape-animals, such as fowls, as in 

 W. Africa ; to goats, as in Arabia ; 

 or to swine (Matt. 8). They may 

 be enclosed in a receptacle left 

 by the roadside, or thrown into the 

 stream, as in Uganda ; conjured 

 into a proa, driven out to sea, as in 

 the Malay archipelago ; or attached 

 to a rag or wisp of hair suspended 

 from a tree. An appeal or command 

 addressed to the demon may be 

 fortified by a promised sacrifice or 

 a vow. See Demonology ; consult 

 also The Devils and Evil Spirits of 

 Babylonia, R. C. Thompson, 1903- 

 4 ; The Golden Bough, pt. i, J. G. 

 Frazer, 3rd ed. 1911. 



Exostosis (Gr. ex, out; osteon, 

 bone). Abnormal outgrowth of 

 bone. See, Bone. 



Expansion (Lat. ex, from, out ; 

 pandere, to spread). If the tem- 

 perature of most bodies is raised the 

 body expands. The amount by 

 which solids expand when heated 

 through any reasonable degree of 

 temperature is very small. A bar 

 of iron one metre in length only 

 extends a little more than a thou- 

 sandth of its length when heated 

 from C. to 100 C. The coeffi- 

 cients of expansion of a number of 

 metals have been experimentally 

 determined by very refined methods. 

 For each degree Centigrade the 

 following are the coefficients of ex- 

 pansion of some materials : 



Platinum = 0*00000899 

 Copper = 0-00001678 

 Zinc = 0-00002918 



Glass = 0-0000083 



The expansion, both apparent 

 and absolute, of some liquids can 

 also be determined. The mean 

 value for the coefficient of cubical 

 expansion of mercury between 

 C. and 100 C. is 0'0001819. Water 

 does not expand normally because, 

 at ordinary pressures, water has a 

 maximum density at a tempera- 

 ture of 4 C., and if it is cooled 

 below this it expands and decreases 

 in density. Gases expand with 

 heat at all temperatures, but pres- 

 sure changes their coefficients of 

 expansion. At ordinary atmo- 

 spheric pressure, the coefficient of 

 expansion of air is 0'003671, of 

 hydrogen, 0'00366 ; in both cases 

 practically ^fo. See Heat; Tem- 

 perature. 



Ex parte (Lat., from one side). 

 Expression used in English law to 

 signify something done or said by 

 one person not in the presence of 

 his opponent. Thus an ex parte ap- 



plication is one made in the absence 

 of the other side. An ex parte state- 

 ment is one made when no one is 

 present to contradict it. 



Expectant. Term used in Eng- 

 lish law. An expectant estate is one 

 that comes into possession and en- 

 joyment when some date arrives 

 or event happens. Reversions and 

 remainders are the only expectant 

 estates known to common law ; but 

 when wills of land were allowed the 

 law permitted executory interests. 

 An expectant heir is one who is 

 bound to come into property on the 

 death of another. 



Expectation. State of expect- 

 ing something. In the plural it is 

 used for the money which one 

 should receive under a will. If this 

 is a certainty, i.e. if the will is that 

 of a person already dead, money 

 can be borrowed on this antici- 

 pation. The Sunday after As- 

 cension Day is sometimes called 

 Expectation Sunday, because the 

 apostles were then expecting the 

 Lord. 



Expectation of Life. Term used 

 by actuaries and others engaged in 

 life insurance business for the 

 number of years a person may be 

 expected to live. By careful cal- 

 culations from a large number of 

 cases tables have been worked out 

 which are used when annuities are 

 bought and sold. The expecta- 

 tion differs for males and females, 

 and for different ages, but a roughly 

 accurate method is to value the ex- 

 pectation of life at two-thirds of 

 the difference between the present 

 age and 80. Thus a man of 41 may 

 count upon living to 67, this being 

 26 more years, two -thirds of 39, 

 which is the difference between 41 

 and 80. Some writers have ob- 

 jected to the term, and equation of 

 life has been suggested as a substi- 

 tute. See Annuity ; Death-Rate ; 

 Insurance. 



Expectorant (Lat. ear, out; stem, 

 pector-, breast). Drug which assists 

 the expulsion of mucus from the 

 lungs and air passages. Those 

 most frequently employed are am- 

 monium carbonate, senega, squills, 

 ipecacuanha, benzoin, and balsam 

 of tolu. 



Expectoration. Term applied 

 to the act of spitting, and to the 

 material e j ected. By expectoration 

 medical men usually mean material 

 coughed up from the lungs, not 

 merely saliva. In health there 

 should be practically no expec- 

 toration ; in diseases of the lungs 

 or air passages the secretion may 

 contain blood, pus, and bacteria. 



Expeditionary Force. Name 

 given in the British army organiza- 

 tion to the force of regulars 

 trained and ready for operations 

 abroad. As planned in the re- 



organization of the army, 1907, 

 and developed in the next few 

 years, it was to consist of six divi- 

 sions of infantry, each composed 

 of 598 officers and 18,077 men, 

 with 54 field guns, 18 4'5-in. howit- 

 zers, and 4 heavy 60-pounder 

 guns, and one division of cavalry, 

 composed of 485 officers and 9,412 

 men with 24 horse-artillery guns. 

 In addition, troops were provided 

 for the line of communications. 

 The total strength available for 

 the firing line was thus about 

 130,000 officers and men, with 480 

 guns. Each infantry division in- 

 cluded the usual divisional troops, 

 engineers, medical unit, etc. The 

 cavalry division had four brigades. 



The actual British Expeditionary 

 Force that reached France in Aug., 

 1914, had a combatant strength of 

 about 60,000 men four divisions, 

 and one cavalry division. The 

 other two divisions did not reach 

 the front till the middle of Sept. 

 The original force, divided into 

 two corps under Haig and Smith- 

 Dorrien, and the whole, commanded 

 by French, took its place on the 

 front in Belgium, Aug. 23. See 

 Army, British ; Great War : Mons ; 

 consult also 1914, Field-Marshal 

 Viscount French, 1919. 



Expenditure (Lat. ex, out; 

 pendere, to weigh). Act of paying 

 out money. In large firms expen- 

 diture passes through the counting- 

 house and is checked by the audi- 

 tors. National expenditure is voted 

 by the House of Commons, and the 

 expenditure of local authorities, 

 which is under the control of finance 

 committees and officials acting 

 under their orders, is checked 

 by auditors of the ministry of 

 health. See Accountancy ; National 

 Finance. 



Experience (Lat. experiri, to 

 try). Generally speaking, any 

 sense -perception ; in a narrower 

 sense, a systematic organization 

 of perceptions. The knowledge 

 derived from experience, which 

 alone provides communication with 

 the objective world outside, 

 is closely connected with the 

 mental activity which compre- 

 hends and shapes experiences. 

 Kant, while admitting that all 

 true knowledge is derived from 

 experience, held experience itself 

 to be the result of the application 

 of a priori forms to phenomena. 

 One defect of experience is that, 

 o whig to different impressions being 

 produced upon different persons by 

 the same things, it receives a per- 

 sonal, individual tone, and fails to 

 be completely general. Again, it 

 lacks absolute certainty and ne- 

 cessity, since it does not acquaint 

 us with the foundation of our 

 knowledge. See Psychology. 



