EXPRESS SERVICE 



of extreme terror, or the uncovering 

 of the teeth under that of furious 

 rage, can only be understood on the 

 assumption that man once existed 

 in a much lower and animal-like 

 condition. He thinks the movement 

 of the same facial muscles during 

 laughter by man and by various 

 monkeys indicates descent from a 

 common ancestor. See illus. p. 59. 



Express Service. Organiza- 

 tion for the rapid transit of small 

 parcels. Companies for this pur- 

 pose are especially numerous in the 

 U.S.A. and Canada, where they 

 undertake the carrying of money 

 and valuables, as well as of ordi- 

 nary goods. They insure these, and 

 if required collect the money on de- 

 livery. Express companies are con- 

 trolled by the government as to 

 charges, etc., much as railway 

 companies in Great Britain. 



In the U.S.A. the first express 

 company was organized in 1836. 

 Others followed, and soon the 

 whole country had an efficient ser- 

 vice, each company with its own 

 coaches and riders. Among the 

 largest were the Adams, the Ameri- 

 can, the United States and the 

 Wells, Fargo. Soon they made 

 agreements with the railway com- 

 panies, by which most of their loads 

 are now carried. In 1912 their pros- 

 perity was gravely affected by a law 

 permitting the post office to carry 

 heavier parcels than had hitherto 

 been the case. 



In Canada there are four large 

 companies, in addition to those 

 of the U.S.A., which work the 

 country. The four have a capital 

 of 1,000,000, and in 1916 the 

 turnover of the whole, those of 

 the U.S.A. included, amounted to 

 11,000,000. The four are Cana- 

 dian, Canadian Northern, Do- 

 minion, and British America. 



Extension. Term used in engi- 

 neering for the stretching of mate- 

 rials under strain. All materials 

 stretch under a pull, though the 

 amount may be relatively very 

 small. A bar of wrought iron, for 

 example, one inch square will only 

 stretch one twelve-thousandth of 

 an inch with a pull of a ton on it. 

 Heat is an important cause of ex- 

 tension of metals, and due allow- 

 ance for that extension is made in 

 all engineering construction. In 

 railway engineering, for example, a 

 space is left between each set of 

 railway lines to allow of the expan- 

 sion due to the heat of summer. If 

 this were not allowed for, the rails 

 would become twisted completely 

 out of shape. See Engineering. 



Extensometer. Instrument 

 for measuring the stretch, or small 

 deformation of materials under 

 various kinds of stresses. The use 

 and design of extensometers have 



3054 



become of increasing importance in 

 the modern engineering with the 

 increasing refinements in the use of 

 metals and other materials. The 

 stretch and deformation of mate- 

 rials under certain conditions must 

 be allowed for, as for example in 

 railway construction, bridge build- 

 ing, etc. Modern extensometers will 

 measure to less than the millionth 

 part of an inch. See Materials, 

 Strength of; Testing. 



Extent. English writ of execu- 

 tion to recover crown debts. Under 

 writ called an extent in aid, a 

 crown debtor can, on making an 

 oath that otherwise the debt will 

 be lost, obtain an order to seize the 

 lands and goods of a debtor to him- 

 self, so that he may be able to 

 pay what he owes to the crown. 

 See Crown Debts. 



Extenuating Circumstances. 

 Term used in English law. A jury 

 may add a rider to a verdict of 

 guilty that there were extenuating 

 circumstances in favour of the 

 prisoner. The judge may take this 

 into account in the sentence, ex- 

 cept in cases of murder and high 

 treason, when he is bound to pass 

 the capital sentence. In France, 

 " Guilty with extenuating circum- 

 stances " is a different verdict 

 from guilty ; and the sentence is 

 different. 



Extortion (Lat. ex, out; and 

 torquere, to twist). In English law, 

 a demand by an official, or some- 

 one else performing a public 

 service, of money in excess of the 

 amount due, or of money not yet 

 due. It is applied by an extension 

 to the act of obtaining money by 

 means of threats, the offence known 

 as blackmail. Extortion in the 

 strict sense is punishable by fine 

 and imprisonment, a number of 

 statutes having forbidden it. Other 

 forms may become robbery and be 

 punished as such. 



Extract (Lat. extraclus, drawn 

 out). Term applied, in chemistry 

 and pharmaceutics, to products ob- 

 tained by treating any substance 

 with solvents and then evaporating 

 the latter. In a more restricted 

 sense, an extract is a concentrated 

 form of a vegetable drug. It con- 

 tains the active part of the drug, 

 the inert portion, consisting of 

 woody fibre, being exhausted of its 

 active principles during the process 

 of extraction. 



The various operations involved 

 in extraction have received special 

 names. Infusion is the process of 

 allowing a drug to remain in con- 

 tact with hot or cold water for 

 definite periods of time ; if the 

 solvent is boiled during the period 

 the process is decoction. In 

 another common method, known 

 as percolation, the comminuted 



EXTRATERRITORIALITY 



drug is placed in a conical vessel 

 and the solvent slowly passed 

 through it. To reduce the liquid to 

 a more concentrated form it is 

 evaporated by heat. The extracts 

 prepared hi pharmacy are either 

 thick liquids or soft pastes. The 

 pastes are used as ingredients in 

 making pills and lozenges. 



Extradition (Lat. ex, out ; tra- 

 ditio, handing over). Term used in 

 law for the surrender, by one state 

 to another, of fugitive criminals. 

 As between the states, this depends 

 on treaty ; no state has an inherent 

 right, apart from express agree- 

 ment, to claim extraditory rights 

 from another. Treaties for extradi- 

 tion now exist between most civi- 

 lized states, but political criminals 

 are invariably excepted from their 

 operation. The manner in which 

 extradition is applied for and 

 granted depends upon the law of 

 the country where the fugitive is. 

 In England it is governed by the 

 Extradition Acts, 1870, 1873, 1895, 

 and 1906, and the Fugitive Of- 

 fenders Act, 1881. The last- 

 named statute applies to the 

 Colonies. 



By these Acts, a fugitive offender 

 is not to be surrendered unless the 

 foreign state concerned undertakes 

 to try him only on the charge on 

 which he is extradited. The fugi- 

 tive is to be brought before a mag- 

 istrate, who must be satisfied that 

 the alleged offence is not political, 

 and is one of the crimes for which 

 extradition can be claimed. These 

 offences range from murder to 

 bribery. If the magistrate decides 

 that the case is made out, he com- 

 mits the offender to prison, and 

 then a secretary of state makes an 

 order for the gaoler to hand the 

 offender over to the representative 

 of the foreign state. See Inter- 

 national Law. 



Extraterritoriality. Term used 

 in international law. It describes 

 the status of a person who, when 

 in foreign territory, is immune 

 from the jurisdiction of local laws 

 and courts. Sovereigns and diplo- 

 matic agents are considered such 

 persons by ancient usage. If a 

 sovereign is abroad, his house is 

 extraterritorial ; and the official 

 residence of an ambassador is, by 

 courtesy, part of the country which 

 he represents. Hence no arrest can 

 be made there under a local war- 

 rant ; nor is the house assessable 

 to rates and taxes. Sometimes by 

 treaty all the subjects of one state 

 residing in another are made extra- 

 territorial for purposes of justice. 

 A ship of war in a foreign harbour, 

 behaving peacefully, remains a 

 part of the country whose flag she 

 flies ; and a military force in a 

 foreign country is not subject to 



