FACADE 



3061 



FACIAL ANGLE 



Facade (Fr.). Architectural 

 front of any building or part of a 

 building. Not necessarily confined 

 to the principal front, the term is 

 mostly used in connexion with 

 street architecture, where one 

 face of the building is mainly im- 

 portant. A fayade is, strictly, a 

 front in one plane. Thus a front 

 with one or more pavilions pro- 

 jecting from its surface could not 

 be referred to as a single faade, 

 the pavilion having its own fa9ade. 

 See Architecture ; also illus. p. 508. 



Face. Front of the head. The 

 face may be divided into the 

 regions of the forehead, temples, 

 ears, eyes, nose, mouth, cheek, and 

 upper and lower jaws. The bones 

 of the face are fourteen in number, 

 twelve being in pairs, namely : the 

 superior maxillary, malar, nasal, 

 palate, lachrymal, and inferior tur- 

 binated bones. The mandible or 

 lower jaw and the vomer, which 

 forms part of the septum dividing 

 the nose into two parts, are single 

 bones. 



The palate bone is situated deeply 

 in the region of the mouth and nose. 

 Besides these bones, some of the 

 bones assigned by anatomists to 

 the cranium also take part in the 

 formation of the face, namely : 

 the frontal, parietal, sphenoid, and 

 temporal bones. The forehead is 

 formed by the frontal bone. Un- 

 derlying the scalp is the frontalis 

 muscle, contraction of which causes 

 the furrows which appear on the 

 forehead when the brows are lifted 

 to express surprise. Running up 

 on each side of the forehead is the 

 temporal artery which, in elderly 

 persons, is often prominent and 

 well marked, owing to thickening 

 of the walls of the vessel, an in- 

 dication of senility. The super- 

 ciliary ridges are bony prominences 

 above the eyes, best seen in adult 

 males. These ridges were strongly 

 developed in certain prehistoric 

 forms of man, particularly the 

 type known as Neanderthal man. 

 The vertical furrows seen in the 

 act of frowning are produced by 

 a small muscle, the corrugator 

 supercilii. 



The eyeball is situated in a 

 bony framework known as the 

 orbit, which, together with the pro- 

 jection of the nose, serves to pro- 

 tect it from injury. The aperture 

 between the eyelids is known as 

 the palpebral fissure. The nose is 

 divided into two parts by a sep- 

 tum formed partly of bone and 

 partly of cartilage, the junction of 

 the two being marked by the 

 bridge of the nose. The outer 

 angle of the orbit is prolonged 

 towards the ear into a bridge of 

 bone known as the zygoma. The 

 temporal muscle occupies a fossa 



Face. Diagram showing the muscles 

 of expression in the human iace 



forming the greater part of the 

 temporal region, its tendon passing 

 beneath the zygoma to be at- 

 tached to the lower jaw. This 

 muscle takes part in the act of 

 mastication, and can be felt con- 

 tracting when the mouth is firmly 

 closed. The anatomical features 

 of the ear, chin, and mouth are 

 described under their respective 

 headings. 



The principal nerves of the face 

 are the fifth or trigeminal nerve, 

 which is the main sensory supply 

 to the face, and the seventh or 

 facial nerve, which supplies most 

 of the muscles of the face. The 

 face is well supplied with blood- 

 vessels, which explains the pro- 

 fuseness of haemorrhage following 

 injury to the tissues. 



Face Conveyer. Machine used 

 for the transport of coal. The 

 transport of coal from the point 

 where it is cut out of the working 

 face comprises three stages from 

 the face to the main haulage way ; 

 the main haulage to the foot of 

 the shaft ; the raising of the coal 

 to the surface. The first stage 

 is relatively costly, and often 

 difficult on account of the very 

 limited space usually available, 

 and particularly the low roof. 

 Although usually performed by 

 manual labour, of recent years 

 very ingenious mechanical ap- 

 pliances known as face conveyers 

 have been introduced. 



The jigging conveyer consists 

 essentially of a long steel trough 

 suspended on short arms in such 

 a way that the trough may be 

 " jigg e( l " to and fro. The coal 

 is shovelled on to the trough, and 

 at each stroke or movement is 

 thrown or jerked bodily forward a 

 short distance until it is finally 

 thrown off the end of the con- 

 veyer. The chain conveyer con- 

 sists of a fixed trough or bed 



along which a chain is drawn. 

 The chain is composed of bars 

 of steel, forming links and cross- 

 pieces all of which have their 

 faces vertical. The coal is thrown 

 on to the chain, the large pieces 

 being carried along on the tops 

 of the links and cross-pieces, while 

 the small drop through the chain 

 to the bottom of the trough, and 

 are scraped forward by the under 

 edges of the chain. These ma- 

 chines admit of being moved for- 

 ward as the working face is ex- 

 tended, and are driven either by 

 compressed air or electrically. A 

 Blackett patent chain conveyer 

 can remove 360 tons from a face 

 of 100 yards in eight hours. See 

 Coal; Conveyer; Mining; also 

 illus. p. 2238. 



Face Value. Nominal value of 

 debentures, stocks, shares, and 

 securities generally, as opposed to 

 their real or market value. For 

 instance, the face value of consols 

 is in 100 and multiples of 100, 

 and of a share in the Amalgamated 

 Press 1, although in each case the 

 selling value is very different. 



Facheux, LES (The Bores). 

 A three-act comedy-ballet or 

 masque by Moliere. Written and 

 played within a fortnight, it was 

 first produced in the garden of 

 Fouquet's residence, Vaux-le-Vi- 

 comte, Aug. 17, 1661. It displays 

 ten bores, satirical portraits from 

 society, who prevent an ardent 

 young lover from speaking with 

 the object of his devotion. It was 

 the first play written by Moliere 

 for Louis XIV, and the first play 

 of its kind on the French stage. 



Facial Angle. Method of 

 measuring the facial profile, espe- 

 cially in man and the anthropoid 

 apes. The earliest, Pieter Cam- 

 per's (c. 1770), was subtended by 

 two lines (1) drawn from the gla- 

 bella to the upper jaw, (2) drawn 

 in a plane passing through the 



Facial angle. Diagram illustrating 

 method of measuring facial angle 



