FACIAL NERVE 



base of the nose and the centre of 

 the aural orifice. This measures 

 40 (orang-utan), 70 (negro), 80 

 (European). Camper's angle is now 

 superseded. See Craniometry. 



Facial Nerve. Seventh cranial 

 nerve. It supplies most of the 

 muscles of the face, and the sense 

 of taste in the anterior part of the 

 tongue. Paralysis of the facial 

 nerve (Bell's Palsy) may be due 

 to injury to the brain, blows near 

 the lower part of the ear, and 

 syphilis, but most commonly is 

 caused by exposure to cold. Move- 

 ments on the affected side are lost, 

 the eye cannot be closed, the lower 

 lip drops, the forehead cannot be 

 wrinkled. The difference in the 

 two sides is obvious when the 

 patient smiles. When due to 

 injury of the brain or nerve, 

 recovery cannot be expected, but 

 is possible where the paralysis has 

 followed exposure to cold. 



Facility (Lat. facilis, easy). 

 Ability to perform anything easily. 

 In Scots law it has a special mean- 

 ing. By it is understood a condi- 

 tion of mental weakness that falls 

 short of idiocy. The person suffer- 

 ing from it is one easily persuaded. 



Facings. Cloth of contrasting 

 colour worn on the collar and cuffs 

 of the full dress military uniform. 

 In general the facings are of white 

 cloth, but regiments entitled to the 

 prefix royal, King's Own or Queen's 

 Own, wear blue facings, and in a 

 few cases, for example the Buffs 

 and the Sherwood Foresters, special 

 coloured facings are authorised on 

 account of historical or similar 

 associations. See Uniform. 



Facsimile (Lat. fac simile, 

 make like). Term meaning an 

 exact copy. It is used chiefly for 

 the reproduction of ancient MSS. 

 and the like, e.g. facsimiles of 

 Domesday Book. See Process; 

 also illus. pp. 424 and 447. Pron. 

 fac-simily. 



Factor (Lat, maker). In mathe- 

 matics, any of two or more num- 

 bers or expressions which when 

 multiplied together produce a given 

 number or expression. Thus 7, 3, 

 2 are factors of 42 and (a + 6), 

 (a - 6) of a 2 6 2 . A factor which 

 can only be divided by itself and 

 unity is called a prime factor. The 

 factor of the greatest degree which 

 is common to two algebraic expres- 

 sions is called the highest common 

 factor. In arithmetic the highest 

 number which is a factor of two or 

 more numbers is called the greatest 

 common divisor. See Algebra; 

 Mathematics. 



Factor (Lat. facer e, to make). 

 Word meaning an agent, but in a 

 special sense an agent who buys 

 and sells for a principal. He carries 

 on business in his own name, but 



3062 



differs from a broker in that he 

 usually handles the goods in which 

 he deals and transfers them to his 

 principal ; moreover, he has a 

 greater latitude about buying and 

 selling. In English law several 

 statutes have regulated the rela- 

 tions between a factor and his em- 

 ployer, these having been consoli- 

 dated by the Factors Act of 1889. 

 Much, however, is left to custom, 

 and this differs obviously very 

 much between one trade and an- 

 other. The main provision of the 

 Act is to give the principal a valid 

 title to the goods bought for him by 

 the factor, as in transactions of this 

 kind this was the main difficulty. 



Factor is used in Scotland for a 

 man who manages an estate, a land 

 agent. A judicial factor is one ap- 

 pointed by a court of law to manage 

 the estate of a minor or imbecile. 



Factor of Safety. Ratio or 

 figure which indicates the maxi- 

 mum strength of any part of an 

 engineering structure in relation to 

 the maximum stress which it is 

 called upon to bear. The figure is 

 obtained by dividing the stress 

 under which the body collapses by 

 the maximum stress which it is 

 subjected to in ordinary usage. 

 Thus a factor of safety of five to 

 one indicates that the part so 

 described is five times as strong as 

 the maximum stress which will be 

 placed upon it. The figure is not 

 wholly accurate, since in actual 

 use there may be set up stresses 

 above those calculated for. In 

 aeroplane structures the factor of 

 safety is replaced by the factor of 

 loading, based on the forces acting 

 on the aeroplane in horizontal 

 flight. 



Factory. Building or assembly of 

 buildings devoted to the manufac- 

 ture of goods. Factories are defined 

 by the Factory Act, 1901, as 

 premises wherein " steam, water, 

 or other mechanical power " is used 

 in aid of the manufacturing pro- 

 cess carried on. Most important 

 are the textile group, where cotton, 

 wool, silk, and other fabrics are 

 made. The non-textile factories 

 include engineering works, iron 

 mills, foundries, and blast furnaces, 

 paper mills, lace warehouses, dye- 

 ing and chemical works. The em- 

 ployment of mechanical motive 

 force distinguishes all of these from 

 workshops, where the power is 

 supplied by human effort. 

 Considerations as to Site 



In planning a modern factory, 

 the first consideration is that of 

 site. The buildings should be near 

 the sources of the principal raw 

 materials needed, and conveniently 

 placed for the transport of goods 

 into and out of the factory. Coal 

 being a prime necessity for almost 



FACTORY 



all machinery, coalfield areas at- 

 tract a large proportion of the fac- 

 tories. In alkaline works, however, 

 where salt and lime are also first 

 necessaries, it is cheaper to erect 

 the building over brine supplies 

 than to be within immediate reach 

 of lime and coal at the cost of trans 

 porting brine in large quantities. 



The most usual type of modern 

 factory consists of a group of light, 

 well-ventilated, one-storey build- 

 ings, so constructed that they can 

 be readily expanded or adapted at 

 need. But the structures vary 

 widely in character, according to 

 the nature of the industry followed 

 there. Proximity to railways, 

 roads, and waterways is an obvious 

 requirement. Other considerations 

 are accessibility for workers, good 

 supplies of water, and a dry, brac- 

 ing air. The last-named condition 

 has a marked influence upon out- 

 put. The same individual workers, 

 transferred from a low, humid site 

 to an airy position, have been 

 shown to respond by substantially 

 increased production. In a well- 

 designed factory the buildings are so 

 placed that the internal transport 

 of goods is reduced to a mini- 

 mum. Each stage of manufacture 

 naturally involves transference to 

 another workshop ; but the journey 

 should be the shortest practicable. 

 Example of Sound Planning 



The Bayer Chemical Works 

 afford an instance of sound plan- 

 ning. Placed between the river and 

 the railway, the factory receives 

 its raw material by water. The 

 first processes of manufacture are 

 carried on in buildings adjoin- 

 ing the wharves. Thence the pro- 

 ducts pass to neighbouring work- 

 shops, and from these to the next 

 group, and the next, as they 

 undergo the successive stages of 

 manufacture moving meantime 

 in a direct line away from the 

 river, until the finished goods reach 

 the packing department beside the 

 railway by which they are to be 

 dispatched. A centrally placed 

 power station distributes motive 

 power radially to each department. 

 Its central site ensures the utmost 

 economy in transmission. 



Labour-saving devices, especially 

 those that avoid liftingand carrying 

 goods by hand, such as continu- 

 ous belt conveyers, are profitable. 

 Light railways between the shops 

 enable heavy products to be trans- 

 mitted from point to point with 

 the minimum of effort. At the 

 Maypole Dairy Company's model 

 factory in Southall, the force of 

 gravity is utilised so that bulky 

 materials are made to slide over 

 friotionless bearings, from stage to 

 stage, by their own weight. Modern 

 engineering shops are provided 



